A gorgeous photograph of the Hawaiian Day Octopus, a creature that we covered in a previous article about the Hawaiian Island of Lanai. This octopus is known for its vibrant blue spots, symbolism in Hawaiian Culture, & conniving intellect. Credit to underwater photographer Teresa Zubi. Today’s map in the Ode to Oceanography series is a lovely, 108-year-old, nautical chart of Hawaii, then referred to as the “Territory of Hawaii”, as it had not yet reached statehood. This chart showcases the entirety of the islands of Hawaii, from Ni’ihau to the Island of Hawai’i. The map features a trove of topographic information, as well as information about coastal communities on the island. The map even includes volcanic eruptions which occurred around the time In addition to this, near the bottom towards the left, there is a table of the approximate distances between Honolulu, the capital of Hawaii, & various major cities. This would have been useful for any sailor of the Pacific, or any scientist looking to sail between Hawaii & any major cities. Although the chart has slight discolouration, it is still concise, with proportions of 33 inches (83.82 centimeters) wide, & 22 inches (55.88 centimeters) long. In today’s article, we will discuss the map itself, & analyze this antique nautical map. With that being said, let us delve into the idyllic tropical islands of Hawaii! The Chart A splendid 108-year-old map of Hawaii from the U.S. General Land Office. This chart depicts all of the Pacific Islands of Hawaii, listed as the “Territory of Hawaii”. The chart was manufactured in 1917, back when Hawaii was a Territory, as it did not reach statehood until 1959. The chart is coloured, with a light blue showcasing the sea, brown shades depicting each island, & red lines on each island depicting routes that one could take should they decide to traverse the island. Sadly, the chart does not include very much Bathymetric information, however, it makes up for it in topographic details. The chart includes a multitude of town names, & other topographic features such as mountains, volcanoes, lava flows, past eruptions, & rivers, extremely useful to any sailor of the era. The chart is also in decent condition, with some slight discolouration, & minor yellowing. An Analysis of the Chart This map was manufactured in 1917, by the United States General Land Office. During the time of the maps' creation, Hawaii had been freshly made a Territory of the United States by the Hawaii Organic Act of 1900. To establish new infrastructure & connections with the mainland, it was imperative to have a proper understanding of Hawaii’s topography, surrounding oceans, volcanic activity, & similar attributes. It is also important to note that due to this sudden need for information about Hawaii, multiple other cartographers sprang into action & created similar maps. Hawaii was also seen as a paramount part of our connections to Australia, & East Asia, & having an understanding of its distance from these locations would have been very important to many sailors of the Pacific during this Era. This is most likely why it was decided to include the table near the left center, showcasing the distance between various major port cities of the Pacific & Honolulu. Considering the time that the chart was made in, & the fact that it was mass-produced, we believe that this chart was manufactured through lithography. Lithography is a method of printing that arose in the 1820s, & remained the most popular method of printing in both color & grayscale until the early 1960s, when more efficient methods became available. It is still widely used for certain kinds of printing, such as fine art printing today, however, digital printing is far more common. In the lithographic method, the artist will draw directly onto a printing surface, such as zinc, or copper, until they are satisfied with the drawing. After this, the surface will be covered with a chemical etch, which will bond it to the surface. With this process, the blank areas will attract moisture to the plate & repel the lithographic ink, while the areas that are drawn on will hold the ink. Water is then wiped onto the unpainted areas to help prevent the ink from deviating. After the image is inked, the paper is laid over it & covered with a tympan, & the tympan is pressed down. Finally, these materials pass through the scraper bar of the litho-press. Afterward, an exact copy of whatever was supposed to be printed is revealed. It is extremely useful for making high-resolution prints in high quantities. Directories / Credits All credit for this map analyzed today goes to Rare Maps, a California rare & antique maps store. To purchase this chart, antique atlases, or other cartographic objects, please visit www.raremaps.com. To be clear, this is not an advertisement for Rare Maps, as we do not have a partnership with them. Strategic Partnerships Reel Guppy Outdoors SharkedSkooler Marine Enthusiasts Podcast Cash Daniels Tides of Tomorrow Our Loyal Patrons P. R. Ochoa

Today’s map in the Ode to Oceanography series is a beautiful, 103-year-old map of Antarctica, then referred to as the “South Polar Regions,” by John Bartholomew, an esteemed British cartographer known for his vast collection of maps and for being the man who named Antarctica. This chart covers the entirety of all then-discovered regions of the Antarctic Continent, along with the surrounding oceans. The map features a large amount of bathymetric information, with the colour of the surrounding water indicating its depth. This would have been very useful for any sailor or scientist navigating near the continent at the time. It is in very crisp, clear condition, with proportions of 21.5 inches wide & 16.5 inches long. In today’s article, we will discuss the map itself, & analyze this antique nautical map. With that being said, let us delve into the frigid & inhospitable environment of Antarctica! The Map A gorgeous antique nautical chart of Antarctica. Credit to John George Bartholomew. This chart depicts the entirety of the Antarctic continent in its average ice cover. It is coloured, with blue & white tones. As mentioned in the introduction, it includes a tremendous amount of bathymetric information. Around the continent, the colour of the water indicates its depth, with the lightest colour indicating an oceanic depth of 1 to 100 fathoms, & the darkest colour indicating an oceanic depth of 3,000 fathoms or more. Fathoms are an outdated nautical measurement that were commonly used by sailors to measure the depth of water, & are equivalent to about 6 feet. They are meant to represent the arm-span from finger-tip to finger-tip of an average adult standing with their arms stretched out, similar to the wingspan of a bird. In addition to this, the chart includes explanatory notes at the bottom in a small rectangle. This includes the scale of the map, which is 1:14,000,000, the number of soundings (depth takings), in which the sea floor could not able to be determined, which is 600. This means that there were 600 times in which depth was attempting to be taken; however no sea floor bottom was reached, so depth was unable to be determined. Also, the chart includes a boundary where pack ice is theorized not to be found, which would have been extraordinarily useful to any sailor of the era sailing past, as running into pack ice could seriously damage your vessel in an area where the next supply ship may be 48 hours away. There is also information about where pack ice was previously reported, labelled by year. Paths of previous British expeditions which occurred on the continent, such as the Robert Falcon Scott Terra Nova Expedition from 1910 to 1913. An Analysis of the Chart This chart was designed by British Cartographer John George Bartholomew, a famed cartographer known for his work with the crown & naming of Antarctica. It was released in 1922 through the Second Generation of the Times Atlas of the World. It includes several mountains, & coastal areas of Antarctica, as well as depicting several different expedition paths. It depicts at least 4 different expeditions, as well as the site of the wreck of the Endurance, which was a ship that crashed into pack ice in 1915, then promptly sank, during the Imperial Trans Antarctic Expedition led by Ernest Shackleton. The expedition was led with the goal of crossing Antarctica on foot, which sadly failed; however, the expedition is one of the most remarkable examples of human endurance, & the indomitable human spirit we possess. A photograph of the Endurance in the Weddell Sea in Northern Antarctica attempting to break through pack ice. Ultimately, it sank on November 15th, 1915; however, all the crew managed to sail to an uninhabited island north of the continent, then from there to the South Georgia Islands, & made it home without any loss of human life. Credit to photographer Frank Hurley. The chart also features the Antarctic Circle in a dashed line. Considering the period that the chart was made in, & the fact that it was mass-produced, we believe that this chart was manufactured through lithography. Lithography is a method of printing that arose in the 1820s, & remained the most popular method of printing in both color & grayscale until the early 1960s, when more efficient methods became available. It is still widely used for certain kinds of printing, such as fine art printing today; however, digital printing is far more common. In the lithographic method, the artist will draw directly onto a printing surface, such as zinc or copper, until they are satisfied with the drawing. After this, the surface will be covered with a chemical etch, which will bond it to the surface. With this process, the blank areas will attract moisture to the plate & repel the lithographic ink, while the areas that are drawn on will hold the ink. Water is then wiped onto the unpainted areas to help prevent the ink from deviating. After the image is inked, the paper is laid over it & covered with a tympan, & the tympan is pressed down. Finally, these materials pass through the scraper bar of the litho-press. Afterward, an exact copy of whatever was supposed to be printed is revealed. It is extremely useful for making high-resolution prints in high quantities. Directories / Credits All credit for this map analyzed today goes to Rare Maps, a California rare & antique maps store. To purchase this chart, antique atlases, or other cartographic objects, please visit www.raremaps.com. To be clear, this is not an advertisement for Rare Maps, as we do not have a partnership with them. Strategic Partnerships Reel Guppy Outdoors SharkedSkooler Marine Enthusiasts Podcast Cash Daniels Tides of Tomorrow Our Loyal Patrons P. R. Ochoa

Today’s map in the Ode to Oceanography series is a gorgeous, nearly century-old map of the Caribbean by mapmaker J. W. Norie. This chart covers the entirety of the northern Windward Isles, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, and parts of Cuba. It covers a very large part of the Gulf of Mexico and its surrounding areas, covering approximately 64,395 square miles (166,782 square kilometers). The map is in extraordinary condition, with every line as clear & crisp as the day that it was made. It includes a tremendous amount of information, both oceanic & topographic. It is approximately 37 inches from top to bottom, & 49 inches from side to side. In today’s article, we will discuss the map itself, & analyze this antique nautical map. With that being said, let us delve into the exquisite Windward Isles! An illustration of Santo Domingo, one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the Caribbean. It is prominently featured on the chart. The Map An excellent map of the Northern Caribbean region covering the Greater Antilles in great detail. Credit to Maps of Antiquity. As mentioned above, this chart includes a tremendous amount of information. This chart includes all coastlines in high definition, along with water depths, & eleven compass roses littered around the map. Not only this, however it includes semi-detailed topographic information in addition to the highly detailed oceanic information. It is incredibly accurate, & near-flawless, with no blemishes or discolouration except one blotch towards the center. An Analysis of the Map This chart was designed & illustrated in 1836 by John William Norie, a highly esteemed British Hydrographer & Cartographer of the 19th Century. He is most famous for his works “Epitome of Practical Navigation”, & “A Complete Set of Nautical Tables”. The map was likely made in London, in his primary cartographic office. After it came into possession of Maps of Antiquity, it was re-backed with blue paper, & restored to its full condition. The map is incredibly accurate for its time, although the spelling of Haiti has changed, the topographic features may have changed, & the coastlines are far more developed. The chart was made for civilian sailors use, & was not intended to be used in strategic comba, or by the British Navy. As the map was produced in 1836, it was likely made using Lithography. Lithography is a method of printing that arose in the 1820s, & remained the most popular method of printing in both color & grayscale until the early 1930s, when more efficient methods became available. In the lithographic method, the artist will draw directly onto a printing surface, such as zinc or copper, until they are satisfied with the drawing. After this, the surface will be covered with a chemical etch, which will bond it to the surface. With this process, the blank areas will attract moisture to the plate & repel the lithographic ink, while the areas that are drawn on will hold the ink. Water is then wiped onto the unpainted areas to help prevent the ink from deviating. After the map is inked, the paper is laid over it & covered with a tympan, & the tympan is pressed down. Finally, these materials pass through the scraper bar of the litho press. Afterward, an exact copy of whatever was supposed to be printed is revealed. Directories / Credits All credit for this map analyzed today goes to Maps Of Antiquity, a wonderful New England map shop. To purchase this map, any other maps, or any other cartographic objects, please visit mapsofantiquity.com. To be clear, this is not an advertisement for Maps of Antiquity, as we do not have a partnership with them. Strategic Partnerships Reel Guppy Outdoors SharkedSkooler Marine Enthusiasts Podcast Cash Daniels Tides of Tomorrow Our Loyal Patrons P. R. Ochoa

Today’s Ode to Oceanography series map is an ancient nautical chart of the Southeastern United States. This map is of the coast of the Southeastern United States from Cape Fear in North Carolina to Saint Augustine, in Northern Florida. It encompasses the states of Georgia, South Carolina, & partially covers Florida & North Carolina. The map is in reasonable condition & has been re-backed, & restored using various techniques, although it does have a few slight dark markings in the upper right corner, as well as in the lower left region. In today’s article, we will discuss the map itself, & analyze this antique nautical map. With that being said, let us delve into the Marshlands of the Southeastern United States! A photograph of Cape Fear jutting out into the Atlantic Ocean, where the map starts. Credit to Wilmington Star News. A gorgeous photograph of the coastline of Saint Augustine, Florida, with a beautiful, vast blue ocean. This is the approximate location where the map ends. Credit to Ocean Grove RV Resort. The Map A 193-year-old Nautical map of the southeastern United States. Credit to Maps of Antiquity. The map spans 4 different U.S states, those being North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, & Florida, along with one major river, the St. John’s River. Although the map is uncolored, it has slightly yellowed with age. Along with this, there are small markings in the center, upper right, & lower left sections of the map that have taken on a brownish appearance. The chart is also illustrated with the south being at the top & north being at the bottom, meaning that Florida is at the top while North Carolina is at the bottom. The chart has approximately 1 compass, in the lower central region, along with zoomed in areas of the Charleston Harbour in South Carolina, & the Saint James River in Virginia. An Analysis of the Chart The chart was illustrated in 1832 by Edmund March Blunt, an American cartographer, hydrographer, & bookseller, best known for his guide “The American Pilot”, which detailed every American port at the time of its publication in 1796. He is widely considered to be one of the most influential hydrographers of the 19th century in the United States. It was found by Maps of Antiquity, who restored it, cleaned it, framed it, & fixed its backing. This map was made in the United States, by Blunt’s cartographic office was based in Newburyport, Massachusetts. Newburyport is modernly in Essex County, approximately 35 miles northeast of Boston. The chart is fairly accurate for its time, although the harbour of Charleston, South Carolina, is different in modern day. It is unlikely to be part of any particular collection. The chart was made for civilian use, & was not intended to be used in strategic combat, or by the United States Military. As the map was produced in 1832, it was likely made using Lithography. Lithography is a method of printing that arose in the 1820s, & remained the most popular method of printing in both color & grayscale until the early 1930s, when more efficient methods became available. In the lithographic method, the artist will draw directly onto a printing surface, such as zinc or copper, until they are satisfied with the drawing. After this, the surface will be covered with a chemical etch, which will bond it to the surface. With this process, the blank areas will attract moisture to the plate & repel the lithographic ink, while the areas that are drawn on will hold the ink. Water is then wiped onto the unpainted areas to help prevent the ink from deviating. After the map is inked, the paper is laid over it & covered with a tympan, & the tympan is pressed down. Finally, these materials pass through the scraper bar of the litho press. Afterward, an exact copy of whatever was supposed to be printed is revealed. Directories / Credits All credit for this map analyzed today goes to Maps Of Antiquity, a wonderful New England map shop. To purchase this map, any other maps, or any other cartographic objects, please visit mapsofantiquity.com. To be clear, this is not an advertisement for Maps of Antiquity, as we do not have a partnership with them. Strategic Partnerships Reel Guppy Outdoors SharkedSkooler Marine Enthusiasts Podcast Cash Daniels Tides of Tomorrow Our Loyal Patrons P. R. Ochoa

In today’s article, we are going to discuss an Antique Nautical Chart of Tokyo Bay. This map comes courtesy of Maps Of Antiquity, an antique map shop in New England. Tokyo Bay is a bay located in Japan’s Southern Kanto Region, & is named after the city of Tokyo. The bay is very large, stretching to Tokyo in the North, & Yokosuka in the south. It is one of the largest industrial areas in all of Japan, & one of the most populous areas as well. In this article, we are going to delve into the contents of this map, its maker, & what it was made or originally used for. With that being said, let us delve into the serene waters of Tokyo Bay. The Chart An antique nautical chart of Greater Tokyo Bay from the Edo-era. Credit to Maps of Antiquity. This map spans the entire area of Tokyo Bay, as well as the Uraga Channel which connects the bay to the Pacific Ocean. It depicts various seaways both in the bay & near the bay. The bay is officially referred to as “Yedo” Bay on the map, as the name of the bay wasn’t changed to Tokyo Bay until the mid-nineteenth century, as Tokyo was referred to as Edo before that. Names of various coastal cities can be seen, such as Tokyo, spelled Tokio, in the North. The map is uncolored, & is a pristine white & grey color. It is incredibly accurate as well, only missing a few cities. There are 3 small compasses around the map, in the lower right corner, upper middle area, & central right area respectively. The chart is approximately 26 inches wide & 38.5 inches long. An Analysis of the Chart This map was made in 1889 by the British Admiralty. It was likely made in the mainland United Kingdom in a major city such as London, from data collected by British sailors in Japan. As it was made by the British Admiralty, it was likely used for militaristic purposes. Considering the time that it was made, it was likely made using Lithography. The lithographic method was one of the most popular map-making methods between the early 1820s, & the 1910s. In the lithographic method, the artist will draw directly onto a printing surface, such as zinc, or copper, until they are satisfied with the drawing. After this, the surface will be covered with a chemical etch, which will bond it to the surface. With this process, the blank areas will attract moisture to the plate & repel the lithographic ink, while the areas that are drawn on will hold the ink. Water is then wiped onto the unpainted areas to help prevent the ink from deviating. After the map wanted is inked, the paper is laid over it & covered with a tympan, & the tympan is pressed down. Finally, these materials pass through the scraper bar of the litho press. Afterward, an exact copy of whatever was supposed to be printed is revealed. Directories / Credits All credit for this map analyzed today goes to Maps Of Antiquity, a wonderful New England map shop. To purchase this map, any other maps, or any other cartographic objects, please visit mapsofantiquity.com. To be clear, this is not an advertisement for Maps Of Antiquity, as we do not have a partnership with them. Strategic Partnerships Reel Guppy Outdoors SharkedSkooler Marine Enthusiasts Podcast STEMScribe Tides of Tomorrow Our Loyal Patrons P. R. Ochoa

Today’s map is an antique map of Taiwan, & the Island of Luzon, The Philippines. Taiwan is a large island off the coast of China, in the northern Pacific Ocean, while the isle of Luzon is the largest island in the Philippine Archipelago, with the largest population of any Philippine isle. The chart spans a decent amount of land, covering approximately 800 miles of the Pacific Ocean. The map is in fair condition, apart from a stain near the upper right corner, a stain near the bottom of the map, as well as a few wrinkles & fold marks. In this article, we will discuss the map itself, the translation of certain sections of the map, & analyze this antique nautical map. With that being said let us delve into the Isles of Taiwan, & Luzon. The Chart An antique nautical chart of Taiwan & the Philippines. Due to the map being in English, there is no need for translation. The map spans covers 3 main areas, those being Taiwan, Luzon, & China’s Haitan Bay. Although the map is uncolored, it has yellowed with age. On the chart, there are the names of various islands & topographic features, with a few areas noted as “position doubtful”, or “uncertain or doubtful”. The chart proves to be fairly accurate, apart from the areas it declares as uncertain. The chart has approximately 8 different compasses in the Left, Right, & Central areas of the map, drawn on very lightly. An Analysis of the Chart This chart was designed & released in 1863, by the Scottish pair of Hydrographers James Imray & his son, James Frederick Imray. The map was created & published in London, as that is where the cartographic office of the Imray’s was located. This map was made available for purchase by Maps of Antiquity. It is unclear whether or not the map is a part of any particular collection of the Imray. The map was made for Civilian Use, & it is unlikely that it was used by any militaries or militia groups. Considering the makers of the chart & the time period, this map was likely made with Lithography. Lithography is a method of printing that arose in the 1820s, & remained the most popular method of printing until the early 1930s when more efficient methods became available. There are 2 main methods, with one of the methods remaining popular well into the modern day for producing large quantities of prints. In the common lithographic method of the time, the artist will draw directly onto a printing surface, such as zinc, or copper, until they are satisfied with the drawing. After this, the surface will be covered with a chemical etch, which will bond it to the surface. With this process, the blank areas will attract moisture to the plate & repel the lithographic ink, while the areas that are drawn on will hold the ink. Water is then wiped onto the unpainted areas to help prevent the ink from deviating. After the map wanted is inked, the paper is laid over it & covered with a tympan, & the tympan is pressed down. Finally, these materials pass through the scraper bar of the litho press. Afterward, an exact copy of whatever was supposed to be printed is revealed. Directories / Credits All credit for this map analyzed today goes to Maps Of Antiquity, a wonderful New England map shop. To purchase this map, any other maps, or any other cartographic objects, please visit mapsofantiquity.com. To be clear, this is not an advertisement for Maps Of Antiquity, as we do not have a partnership with them. Strategic Partnerships Reel Guppy Outdoors SharkedSkooler The Marine Enthusiasts Podcast STEMScribe Our Loyal Patrons P. R. Ochoa

Today’s map is an antique map of the Southern Pacific Ocean. The Southern Pacific Ocean is a region from the Pacific Ocean spanning from the southern side of the Equator to Southern Chile. The area spans approximately 12,726 kilometers across. The map is in fantastic condition, apart from yellowing in the upper right corner, wrinkles, & a few small creases. These imperfections are consistent with being used on a ship, meaning this map was likely used by a group of sailors. The dimensions of the map are approximately 38.5 inches long & 75 inches wide. In this article, we will discuss the map itself, the translation of certain sections of the map, & analyze this antique nautical map. With that being said let us delve into the Southern Pacific Ocean. The Map A beautifully in-depth map of the Southern Pacific Ocean. Credit to Maps Of Antiquity. Due to the map being in English, there is no need for translation. The chart is centered on the Southern Pacific Ocean, & Oceania. The chart is was made to be uncoloured, however it has slightly yellowed with time. The chart has the names of various islands, seaways, & topographic features, with certain areas marked with a question mark, or as “doubtful”. The map is semi-accurate, as certain islands are not listed, & other areas are marked as unknown. The chart has 6 different small compasses on the chart located in the center, upper center, lower left, & upper left. These would have been used by sailors to stay on course, & guide them. An Analysis of the Chart This chart was originally designed in 1848 by James Imray, a Scottish Hydrographer, Sailor, & Cartographer. The map was produced & published in London, as that is where Imray’s cartographic office was located. Revisions & additions were made in 1855, with a new version of the map being published then. The map was originally made for Civilian Use, & was likely not used by any militaries. Considering the time that the map was produced in, & the mapmaker, this map was likely made using Lithography. Lithography is a method of printing that arose in the 1820’s, & remained the most popular method of printing until the early 1930’s, when more efficient methods became available. In the lithographic method, the artist will draw directly onto a printing surface, such as zinc, or copper, until they are satisfied with the drawing. After this, the surface will be covered with a chemical etch, which will bond it to the surface. With this process, the blank areas will attract moisture to the plate & repel the lithographic ink, while the areas that are drawn on will hold the ink. Water is then wiped onto the unpainted areas to help prevent the ink from deviating. After the map wanted is inked, the paper is laid over it & covered with a tympan, & the tympan is pressed down. Finally, these materials pass through the scraper bar of the litho press. Afterwards, an exact copy of whatever was supposed to be printed is revealed. Directories / Credits All credit for this map analyzed today goes to Maps Of Antiquity, a wonderful New England map shop. To purchase this map, any other maps, or any other cartographic objects, please visit mapsofantiquity.com. To be clear, this is not an advertisement for Maps Of Antiquity, as we do not have a partnership with them. Strategic Partnerships Reel Guppy Outdoors SharkedSkooler The Marine Enthusiasts Podcast STEMScribe Our Loyal Patrons P. R. Ochoa

Today’s map is an antique map of the coastline of the Carolinas. The Carolinas are the states of North & South Carolina, located in the South Eastern Area of the United States. Combined, they occupy approximately 85,839 square miles, with a combined coastline of over 3,565 miles long. The map is in decent condition, as it has been restored. There is very little damage around the map, & all place names, geographic features, & waterways are clearly marked. The chart is approximately 27.5 inches long, & 37 inches wide. In this article, we will discuss the map itself, the translation of certain sections of the map, & analyze this antique full chart. With that being said let us delve into the coastline surrounding the Carolinas. The Map An antique nautical map of the coast of the Carolinas. As the map is in English, there is no need for translation. The chart is centered around South & North Carolina, & lacks color. It is very clear as well as detailed, with most peninsulas, islands, & curves of the coast outlined. The names of various towns, states, & rivers can be seen on the map, with North Carolina to the North & Florida to the south. There are 2 small compasses on the map, located in the lower center & upper right. These would have been used by sailors to stay on course, & guide them. An Analysis of the Map This map was produced in 1832 by Edmund March Blunt, an American cartographer, hydrographer, & bookseller. It was found by Maps of Antiquity, who restored it, cleaned it, & fixed its backing. This map was likely made in the United States, as Blunt’s cartographic office was based in Newburyport, Massachusetts. The chart is fairly accurate, with very little being left off or inaccurate. It likely isn’t a part of any particular collection. The chart was made for civilian use, & was not made to be used in strategic combat. As the map was produced in 1832, it was likely made using Lithography. Lithography is a method of printing that arose in the 1820s, & remained the most popular method of printing until the early 1930s when more efficient methods became available. In the lithographic method, the artist will draw directly onto a printing surface, such as zinc, or copper, until they are satisfied with the drawing. After this, the surface will be covered with a chemical etch, which will bond it to the surface. With this process, the blank areas will attract moisture to the plate & repel the lithographic ink, while the areas that are drawn on will hold the ink. Water is then wiped onto the unpainted areas to help prevent the ink from deviating. After the map wanted is inked, the paper is laid over it & covered with a tympan, & the tympan is pressed down. Finally, these materials pass through the scraper bar of the litho press. Afterward, an exact copy of whatever was supposed to be printed is revealed. Directories / Credits All credit for this map analyzed today goes to Maps Of Antiquity, a wonderful New England map shop. To purchase this map, any other maps, or any other cartographic objects, please visit mapsofantiquity.com. To be clear, this is not an advertisement for Maps Of Antiquity, as we do not have a partnership with them. It encompasses the areas of the Atlantic Ocean near the Carolinas, & extends up to North Carolina & down to Florida. Strategic Partnerships Reel Guppy Outdoors The Marine Enthusiasts Podcast SharkedSkooler STEMScribe Our Loyal Patrons P. R. Ochoa

Today’s map is an antique map of Puget Sound, Washington. Puget Sound is a sound in northern Washington, with several large cities such as Tacoma and Seattle along its coastline. The sound is comprised of a very complex network of waterways going between Washington and Canada. The sound is quite large, with an area of approximately 1,020 square miles (2641.788 square kilometers). The map is in great condition, apart from some small stains on the upper part of the map. The dimensions are approximately 40.5 inches wide, & 32.5 inches long. In this article we will discuss the map itself, the translation of certain sections of the map, & analyze this antique nautical map. With that being said let us delve into the interesting & biodiverse area of Puget Sound. The Chart An Antique Nautical Chart of Puget Sound, Washington, USA. Credit to Maps of Antiquity. As the map is in English, there is no need for translation. The chart is centered around Puget Sound, & lacks colour. It has much detail with almost every curve in the shoreline, each peninsula, & each island outlined perfectly. The names of various areas of Puget Sound are clearly outlined on the map, with most areas marked. The map has 3 different compasses on it, which would point the reader wherever they wish to go, no matter where they are in Puget Sound. These compasses are located in the upper left corner, the middle of the chart, and the upper right corner. An Analysis of the Chart This chart was designed in 1891 by the United States Coast & Geodetic Survey, one of the precursors to the National Atmospheric & Oceanic Administration. The United States Coastal & Geodetic Survey was the first scientific Agency made by the United States Government, established in 1807. The Agency was unfortunately abolished in 1970 when it was merged with several other agencies to create the National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration. The map is fairly accurate as to how Puget Sound appeared at the time. Although it was made for militaristic use, it was likely also used by civilian sailors. It is not clear how this map was made, however, the most popular method at the time was Lithography. The lithographic method was most popular for map making between the early 1820s, & the early 1930s. In the lithographic method, the artist will draw directly onto a printing surface, such as zinc, or copper, until they are satisfied with the drawing. After this, the surface will be covered with a chemical etch, which will bond it to the surface. With this process, the blank areas will attract moisture to the plate & repel the lithographic ink, while the areas that are drawn on will hold the ink. Water is then wiped onto the unpainted areas to help prevent the ink from deviating. After the map wanted is inked, the paper is laid over it & covered with a tympan, & the tympan is pressed down. Finally, these materials pass through the scraper bar of the litho press. Afterward, an exact copy of whatever was supposed to be printed is revealed. Directories / Credits All credit for this map analyzed today goes to Maps Of Antiquity, a wonderful New England map shop. To purchase this map, any other maps, or any other cartographic objects, please visit mapsofantiquity.com. To be clear, this is not an advertisement for Maps Of Antiquity, as we do not have a partnership with them. Strategic Partnerships Reel Guppy Outdoors SharkedSkooler Our Loyal Patrons P. R. Ochoa

This is the sixteenth article in our Ode to Oceanography Series. This series will publish on the 15th of every month, until we run out of antique nautical maps to analyze, though that will not be for many decades. Once that happens, we will keep the series running, but we will change the article format. In these articles, will take an antique nautical map & analyze it in its entirety. These maps will not strictly be on open oceanic waters, they may be on rivers or occasionally, bays. We will also discuss the methods that may have been used to make the map, considering the time period, & the country of origin. These maps will come from a variety of sources, though they will mainly come from Maps Of Antiquity, a wonderful New England map shop. These maps will come from varying time periods, & will not be in any particular historical order. Today’s map, is a vintage map of Delaware Bay, located in the Northeast of the United States. The bay of Delaware is a body of water in between the state of Delaware, & New Jersey. It is approximately 782 square miles in area, & is composed of both saltwater & freshwater. The map is in fantastic condition, with very little yellowing, folds, or damage. The chart is approximately 37 inches tall, & 30.6 inches wide. In this article we will discuss the map itself, the translation of certain sections of the map, & analyze this antique nautical map. With that being said let us delve into the serene area of Delaware Bay. The Chart As map is in English, there is no need for translation. The chart is centered around Delaware Bay. The map is coloured, with the land areas being coloured yellow or cream, while the areas with water are coloured white. The chart has much detail, with the names of various banks, rivers, & landmasses on it. Many terrestrial topographic features are also outlined. An Analysis of the Chart This map was designed in 1926 by the United States Coastal & Geodetic Survey, one of the precursors to the National Atmospheric & Oceanic Administration. The United States Coastal & Geodetic Survey was the first scientific Agency made by the United States Government, established in 1807. The Agency was unfortunately abolished in 1970, when it was merged with several other agencies to create the National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration. The map is fairly accurate, with very few terrestrial or oceanic areas being left off. Although it was made for militaristic use, it was likely also used by civilians. It is not clear how this map was made, however the most likely method was Lithography. The lithographic method was most popular for map making between the early 1820’s, & the 1910’s. In the lithographic method, the artist will draw directly onto a printing surface, such as zinc, or copper, until they are satisfied with the drawing. After this, the surface will be covered with a chemical etch, which will bond it to the surface. With this process, the blank areas will attract moisture to the plate & repel the lithographic ink, while the areas that are drawn on will hold the ink. Water is then wiped onto the unpainted areas to help prevent the ink from deviating. After the map wanted is inked, the paper is laid over it & covered with a tympan, & the tympan is pressed down. Finally, these materials pass through the scraper bar of the litho press. Afterwards, an exact copy of whatever was supposed to be printed is revealed. Directories / Credits All credit for this map analyzed today goes to Maps Of Antiquity, a wonderful New England map shop. To purchase this map, any other maps, or any other cartographic objects, please visit mapsofantiquity.com. To be clear, this is not an advertisement for Maps Of Antiquity, as we do not have a partnership with them. Strategic Partnerships Reel Guppy Outdoors SharkedSkooler Marine Enthusiasts Podcast StemScribe Our Loyal Patrons P. R. Ochoa

This is the sixteenth article in the Ode to Oceanography series. This series will publish on the 15th of every month, until we run out of antique nautical maps to analyze, though that will not be for many decades. Once that happens, we will keep the series running, but we will change the article format. In these articles, will take an antique nautical map & analyze it in its entirety. These maps will not strictly be on open oceanic waters, they may be on rivers or occasionally, bays. We will also discuss the methods that may have been used to make the map, considering the time period, & the country of origin. These maps will come from a variety of sources, though they will mainly come from Maps Of Antiquity, a wonderful New England map shop. These maps will come from varying time periods, & will not be in any particular historical order. Today’s map, is an antique map of Cape Cod. Cape Cod is a cape along the southern coast of Massachusetts, a state located in the north east area of the United States. It is approximately 70 miles in length, & extends 65 miles away from Massachusetts into the Atlantic Ocean. The map is in excellent condition, with all information clear & visible, & there being very few signs of damage. The map is approximately 29 inches tall, by 35 inches wide. In this article we will discuss the map itself, the translation of certain sections of the map, & analyze this antique nautical map. With that being said let us delve into the tranquil area of Cape Cod. The Map As the map is in English, there is no need for translation. The map is uncoloured, & has many terrestrial topographic features outlined. The chart is incredibly detailed, & has the name of many small villages & towns that are located along Cape Cod outlined on it. It is centered around the cape itself. It does have some information regarding tides on it, along with information concerning the oceanic depths near Cape Cod. An Analysis of the Map This map was designed & created in 1836, based off of information collected in 1833 & 1835. The chart was designed by the United States Topographical Engineers, a branch of the United States Military which officially existed from 1838 to 1863. The map was likely produced in New York State, as this is where many of the Topographical Engineers were located at the time. The map encompasses the entirety of Cape Cod, Cape Cod Harbour, & Provincetown. At the time, it was designed for use military use, specifically use by the Army & the Navy. The map does not have a particular name, & does not seem to be a part of any collection. This map was most certainly made via the lithographic process, due to its maker, & the time that it was manufactured in. The lithographic method was most popular for map making between the early 1820’s, & the 1910’s. In the lithographic method, the artist will draw directly onto a printing surface, such as zinc, or copper, until they are satisfied with the drawing. After this, the surface will be covered with a chemical etch, which will bond it to the surface. With this process, the blank areas will attract moisture to the plate & repel the lithographic ink, while the areas that are drawn on will hold the ink. Water is then wiped onto the unpainted areas to help prevent the ink from deviating. After the map wanted is inked, the paper is laid over it & covered with a tympan, & the tympan is pressed down. Finally, these materials pass through the scraper bar of the litho press. Afterwards, an exact copy of whatever was supposed to be printed is revealed. Directories / Credits All credit for this map analyzed today goes to Maps Of Antiquity, a wonderful New England map shop. To purchase this map, any other maps, or any other cartographic objects, please visit mapsofantiquity.com. To be clear, this is not an advertisement for Maps Of Antiquity, as we do not have a partnership with them. Strategic Partnerships Reel Guppy Outdoors SharkedSkooler Marine Enthusiasts Podcast StemScribe Our Loyal Patrons P. R. Ochoa

This is the fifteenth article in the Ode to Oceanography Series. This series will publish on the 15th of every month, until we run out of antique nautical maps to analyze, though that will not be for many decades. Once that happens, we will keep the series running, but we will change the article format. In these articles, will take an antique nautical map & analyze it in its entirety. These maps will not strictly be on open oceanic waters, they may be on rivers or occasionally, bays. We will also discuss the methods that may have been used to make the map, considering the period, & the country of origin. These maps will come from a variety of sources, though they will mainly come from Maps Of Antiquity, a wonderful New England map shop. These maps will come from varying periods, & will not be in any particular historical order. Today’s map is an antique map of the Western Pacific Ocean. Our map shows the south of Japan, the eastern tip of China, & the northern tip of Papua New Guinea. The map covers an area of approximately 2,300 nautical miles. The map has some slight moisture damage in the upper right portion of the map, & creases in the center & lower area of the map. This, however, doesn’t distort any of the information on the map, & overall the chart is still in a premium condition. The chart is approximately 49 inches high, & 40 inches wide. In this article, we will discuss the map itself, the translation of certain sections of the map, & analyze this antique nautical map. With that being said let us delve into the Western Pacific Ocean. The Map As the chart is in English, there is no need for translation. The chart is uncolored, & has the names of various cities, towns, & settlements on it. An Analysis of the Map This map was created in 1864, by the famous Scottish cartographer & hydrographer pair James Imray & James Frederick Imray. James Imray was the father of James Frederick Imray. The map was created & published in London. This map was made available for purchase by Maps of Antiquity. It is unclear whether or not the map is a part of any particular collection. The map has many different islands across it, & a few different sea routes instructing sailors how to get between said islands. There are no major topographical features outlined other than the ocean, & the islands. The island is very accurate, & there are very few islands missing from the chart. The chart is not centered around anything in particular. It was not made for militaristic purposes, & was only intended for informal use. This map was most certainly made via the lithographic process, due to its maker, & the time that it was manufactured. The lithographic method was most popular for map making between the early 1820s, & the 1910s. In the lithographic method, the artist will draw directly onto a printing surface, such as zinc, or copper, until they are satisfied with the drawing. After this, the surface will be covered with a chemical etch, which will bond it to the surface. With this process, the blank areas will attract moisture to the plate & repel the lithographic ink, while the areas that are drawn on will hold the ink. Water is then wiped onto the unpainted areas to help prevent the ink from deviating. After the map wanted is inked, the paper is laid over it & covered with a tympan, & the tympan is pressed down. Finally, these materials pass through the scraper bar of the litho press. Afterward, an exact copy of whatever was supposed to be printed is revealed. Directories / Credits All credit for this map analyzed today goes to Maps Of Antiquity, a wonderful New England map shop. To purchase this map, any other maps, or any other cartographic objects, please visit mapsofantiquity.com. To be clear, this is not an advertisement for Maps Of Antiquity, as we do not have a partnership with them. with them. Strategic Partnerships Reel Guppy Outdoors SharkedSkooler Our Loyal Patrons P. R. Ochoa

This article is the fourteenth article in our Ode To Oceanography series. This series will publish on the 15th of every month, until we run out of antique nautical maps to analyze, though that will not be for many decades. Once that happens, we will keep the series running, but we will change the article format. In these articles, will take an antique nautical map & analyze it in its entirety. These maps will not strictly be on open oceanic waters, they may be on rivers or occasionally, bays. We will also discuss the methods that may have been used to make the map, considering the time period, & the country of origin. These maps will come from a variety of sources, though they will mainly come from Maps Of Antiquity, a wonderful New England map shop. These maps will come from varying time periods, & will not be in any particular historical order. Today’s map, is an antique map of the Bermuda Islands. The Bermuda Islands are a small group of islands in the Northern Atlantic Ocean, governed by the United Kingdom. Bermuda is located approximately 1,051 miles off the coast of Florida. The total territory is approximately 20.6 square miles (53.35376 square kilometers). The chart that we are examining is in wonderful condition, with details being clear & precise, & the paper having very few blemishes. There are a few small yellowed spots near the bottom of the map, & a slight curling at the bottom of the chart, however it does not have any affect on the quality of the map itself. The chart is approximately 30 inches (76.2 centimeters) long, & 40.5 inches (102.87 centimeters) wide. In this article we will discuss the map itself, the translation of certain sections of the map, & a surface level analysis on this antique nautical map. With that being said let us delve into the isles of Bermuda. The Chart Due to the chart being in English, there is no need for any translation. The chart is centered on Bermuda, & its surrounding isles. The chart is uncoloured. The chart has the names of a few settlements on the isle, as well as the safe sea routes between the isles. This chart does label multiple oceanic depths, & oceanic points of interest. An Analysis of the Chart This chart was created in 1877 by the United States Hydrographic Office as a part of a survey. As it was made in collaboration with the Navy, it was likely used for Military Research. Additionally, the map has six compasses on it, 4 of which point to magnetic north. This would have been useful in guiding the viewer as to what true north & magnetic north were while sailing. The chart does not have any of the topographical features of Bermuda Outlined on it. It is extremely accurate & detailed, with almost all of the islands around Bermuda being labelled properly. This map was most certainly made via the lithographic process, due to its maker, & the time period that it was manufactured in. In the lithographic method, the artist will draw directly onto a printing surface, such as zinc, or copper, until they are satisfied with the drawing. After this, the surface will be covered with a chemical etch, which will bond it to the surface. With this process, the blank areas will attract moisture to the plate & repel the lithographic ink, while the areas that are drawn on will hold the ink. Water is then wiped onto the unpainted areas to help prevent the ink from deviating. After the map wanted is inked, the paper is laid over it & covered with a tympan, & the tympan is pressed down. Finally, these materials pass through the scraper bar of the litho-press. Afterwards, an exact copy of whatever was supposed to be printed is revealed. Directories / Credits All credit for this map analyzed today goes to Maps Of Antiquity, a wonderful New England map shop. To purchase this map, any other maps, or any other cartographic objects, please visit mapsofantiquity.com. To be clear, this is not an advertisement for Maps Of Antiquity, as we do not have a partnership with them. Strategic Partnerships Reel Guppy Outdoors SharkedSkooler Our Loyal Patrons P. R. Ochoa

This is the thirteenth article in our Ode to Oceanography Series. This series will publish on the 15th of every month, until we run out of antique nautical maps to analyze, though that will not be for many decades. Once that happens, we will keep the series running, but we will change the article format. In these articles, will take an antique nautical map & analyze it in its entirety. These maps will not strictly be on open oceanic waters, they may be on rivers or occasionally, bays. We will also discuss the methods that may have been used to make the map, considering the time period, & the country of origin. These maps will come from a variety of sources, though they will mainly come from Maps Of Antiquity, a wonderful New England map shop. These maps will come from varying time periods, & will not be in any particular historical order. Today’s map, is an antique map of the Bay of Bengal. The Bay of Bengal is a part of the Indian Ocean, that is located between India, & the Indochinese peninsula. The Bay Of Bengal Region is approximately 838,600 square miles (2,171,964.03 square kilometers). The chart itself is in fair condition, but it does have some moisture damage on the corners. Additionally, it has some a large crease in the center, & a small crease towards the side of the map. The map is approximately 39.5 inches long, & 50 inches wide. In this article we will discuss the map itself, the translation of certain sections of the map, & a surface level analysis on this antique nautical map. With that being said let us delve into the Bay of Bengal. The Chart Since this map was made & designed in English, there is no need for translation. The map is very detailed & uncoloured, with no writing smudged. The map is centered on the Bay of Bengal. The map has the various names of settlements that are in the Bay of Bengal, as well as all the island chains that are in the Bay. This map is very accurate, & very few islands are left off of it. The map does not have any oceanic depths, or oceanic features labelled. An Analysis of the Chart This map was Published in 1873, by Scottish Hydrographers, James Imray & James Frederick Imray. James Imray was the father of James Frederick Imray. The map was made & published in London. This map was made available for purchase by Maps of Antiquity. It is unclear whether or not the map is a part of any particular collection. This map was made privately, & was not used for military purposes. Considering the time & the person that this was made by, the map was most certainly made by Lithography. There are extremely few other methods that it would have been made with, & lithography was the cheapest & fastest way to produce maps at the time. In the lithographic method, the artist will draw directly onto a printing surface, such as zinc, or copper, until they are satisfied with the drawing. After this, the surface will be covered with a chemical etch, which will bond it to the surface. With this process, the blank areas will attract moisture to the plate & repel the lithographic ink, while the areas that are drawn on will hold the ink. Water is then wiped onto the unpainted areas to help prevent the ink from deviating. After the map wanted is inked, the paper is laid over it & covered with a tympan, & the tympan is pressed down. Finally, these materials pass through the scraper bar of the litho press. Afterwards, an exact copy of whatever was supposed to be printed is revealed. Directories / Credits All credit for this map analyzed today goes to Maps Of Antiquity, a wonderful New England map shop. To purchase this map, any other maps, or any other cartographic objects, please visit mapsofantiquity.com. To be clear, this is not an advertisement for Maps Of Antiquity, as we do not have a partnership with them. Strategic Partnerships Reel Guppy Outdoors SharkedSkooler Our Loyal Patrons P. R. Ochoa

This article is the twelfth article in the Ode To Oceanography. This series will publish on the 15th of every month, until we run out of antique nautical maps to analyze, though that will not be for many decades. Once that happens, we will keep the series running, but we will change the article format. In these articles, will take an antique nautical map & analyze it in its entirety. These maps will not strictly be on open oceanic waters, they may be on rivers or occasionally, bays. We will also discuss the methods that may have been used to make the map, considering the period, & the country of origin. These maps will come from a variety of sources, though they will mainly come from Maps Of Antiquity, a wonderful New England map shop. These maps will come from varying periods, & will not be in any particular historical order. Today’s map is an antique map of Martinique, which is an overseas French territory. The area depicted on the map is a road along Saint Pierre, which used to be one of the sparkling jewels of the island. Saint Pierre is located on the central western side of the island, along with this particular road. The map does have some yellowing along the coastal area of the map, & a strange yellow dot on the right-hand side of the map. The yellowing on the paper is due to the oxidation caused by the cellulose in the paper. The edges are a bit blunt, & 1 of them is slightly curled back, but that does not obscure any of the map. The map is 17 inches (43.18 centimeters) long, & 12.25 (31.115 centimeters) inches wide. In this article, we will discuss the map itself, the translation of certain sections of the map, & a surface-level analysis of this antique nautical map. With that being said let us delve into the Caribbean Sea, of the prized Martinique. The Map Since this map was made & designed in English, there is no need for translation. The map is very detailed & clear, with no writing smudged. The main thing on this map is the road & community along Saint Pierre. Additionally, the map is centered on this road. Interestingly, The map has the oceanic depths of the surrounding coast on it. uncolored, & does not seem to have any faded color. Many topographical features are outlined, such as the nearby mountains. An Analysis of the Chart This map was designed & printed in 1877, by the United States Hydrographic Office of the United States Navy. The original survey that was used to make the map, was done by the French, in 1825. This map was made for militaristic purposes, & most likely used for them. The map is extremely precise, accurate, detailed, & incredibly useful for sailors who were sailing into Saint Pierre. It is unclear if this map was a part of any particular collection. This map was most certainly made via the lithographic process, due to its maker, & the periodAfterward that it was manufactured in. In the lithographic method, the artist will draw directly onto a printing surface, such as zinc, or copper, until they are satisfied with the drawing. After this, the surface will be covered with a chemical etch, which will bond it to the surface. With this process, the blank areas will attract moisture to the plate & repel the lithographic ink, while the areas that are drawn on will hold the ink. Water is then wiped onto the unpainted areas to help prevent the ink from deviating. After the map wanted is inked, the paper is laid over it & covered with a tympan, & the tympan is pressed down. Finally, these materials pass through the scraper bar of the litho press. Afterwards, an exact copy of whatever was supposed to be printed is revealed. Directories / Credits All credit for this map analyzed today goes to Maps Of Antiquity, a wonderful New England map shop. To purchase this map, any other maps, or any other cartographic objects, please visit mapsofantiquity.com. To be clear, this is not an advertisement for Maps Of Antiquity, as we do not have a partnership with them. Strategic Partnerships Reel Guppy Outdoors SharkedSkooler Our Loyal Patrons P. R. Ochoa