A photograph of the Space Needle as seen from downtown Seattle. This prominent building is featured on today’s nautical chart, & is easily visible from the coastline. Credit to Insight Pest Solutions. Today’s map is a relatively modern 58-year-old nautical chart of Seattle, Washington. The chart is fairly large, at 33.7 inches long by 46 inches wide. It features the entire Seattle Harbour as it was in 1966, along with depth measurements for the entire area. It is in amazing condition for its age, with minor signs of wear near the edges. In today’s article, we are going to examine this antique map, discuss it, & perform an analysis of it. With that being said, let’s delve into the cold, unforgiving waters of the Pacific Northwest! The Map A vintage nautical chart of Seattle Harbour, Washington. Credit to the United States Coast & Geodetic Survey. This chart focuses on the Seattle Harbour, as well as the surrounding Elliott Bay. It includes important information about water depth, local channels, marine life, lighthouses, buoys, coastal features, headlands, & roads in & around Seattle. It also includes important islands such as Harbor Island. There are approximately 4 compass roses littered on the map, useful to any sailor looking to traverse the harbour. Information about submerged rocks, ruins, or rocky coastlines would have aided mariners in avoiding collisions. Brief information about local marine life can be seen, with remarks about dolphins in the harbour, & seagrass on the seabed. At the bottom of the chart, a table with tidal information for Seattle can be seen. According to it, the average tide level is approximately 6.6 feet. Below it, information about abbreviations for different coastal features, buoys, & coastal light sources can be found. To the right of this table, another table containing information on water depth in the Duwamish Waterway can be found, based on surveys by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers conducted in May of 1966. A publisher’s ink stamp can be seen at the very bottom of the chart in blue ink, indicating that the chart was published on June 10th, 1967. A second seller’s ink stamp can be seen to the right, illustrating that after being published, it found its way into the hands of Max Kuner Co. Nautical Instruments, Charts, & Technical books. Max Kuner Co. was originally started by mariner & watchmaker Max Kuner in 1897 in the Seattle Harbour. Upon his passing in the 1930’s, his wife, Anna Kuner, took over the business. After her passing in 1943, it was sold to Tom Williamson, a longtime employee of theirs. Eventually, a returning WW2 Navy Veteran named Leonard Schrock opened a shop in Downtown Seattle. When Tom passed away, Leonard purchased the store. For many years, both stores co-existed in waterfront Seattle, until both were consolidated into a single location. Modernly, the store is called Captain’s Nautical is Captain's Nautical Books & Charts, & continues to fulfill orders online. A photograph depicting Captain’s Nautical Books & Charts storefront prior to it being moved online. Credit to Captain’s Nautical Books & Charts. Additionally, the chart is coloured, with yellow being used to indicate land, light blue used to indicate coast, & white used to indicate water. An Analysis of the Map This chart was designed by the U.S. Coast & Geodetic Survey, one of the precursors to the National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration. The United States Coastal & Geodetic Survey was the first scientific agency established by the United States Government, established in 1807. The Agency was unfortunately abolished in 1970, when it was merged with several other agencies to create the National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration. The chart was released in 1967. It is titled “Seattle Harbour: Elliott Bay & Duwamish Bay”. This chart was originally manufactured for civilian as well as military use. It is extremely accurate, with headlands, seabed composition, rocks, piers, & roads depicted accurately. Upon considering the incredible quality & detail of the chart, the publishing house it belongs to, & the time it was manufactured in, it was manufactured using lithography. Lithography is a method of printing that arose in the 1820s, & remained the most popular method of printing in both color & grayscale until the early 1960s, when more efficient methods became available. Although it has existed since the mid-1790s, it took a long time to gain popularity in Europe due to technical difficulties, & only began gaining commercial popularity in the early 1820s. It is still widely used for certain kinds of printing, such as fine art printing today, however, digital printing is far more common. Considering the time this chart was manufactured, it was likely manufactured using offset lithography. During the printing process, an inked metal, often aluminum or tin plate with an image or text is printed onto a rubber blanket before being transferred, or offset, to its final medium such as paper, wool, tin, cardboard, or leather. A photograph of a dolphin spotted in Puget Sound off the coast of Seattle, Washington. Today’s nautical chart indicates different areas of the harbour where dolphins have been historically spotted. Credit to Fox13 Seattle. Directories / Credits All credit for this map analyzed today goes to Rare Maps, a California rare & antique maps store. To purchase this chart, antique atlases, or other cartographic objects, please visit www.raremaps.com. To be clear, this is not an advertisement for Rare Maps, as we do not have a partnership with them. 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A photograph taken of the verdant lush Great Abaco Island, featured in the Bahamian extension of today’s map. Credit to seaglassfound.com. Today’s nautical chart is a timeworn 189-year-old map of the Eastern Coast of the United States, from Florida to Massachusetts. The chart is extraordinarily large, being 122 inches long & 29 inches wide. It includes a rare extension featuring a chart of the Bahamas. It is in fantastic condition for its time, & has minor soiling consistent with use during sailing. In today’s article, we are going to examine this antique map, discuss it, & perform an analysis of it. With that being said, let’s delve into the cool waters of the Atlantic! The Chart A magnificent antique Nautical Chart of the East Coast of the United States, as well as the Bahamas. It was first designed & published by Edmund M. Blunt in 1826, & later revised & republished in 1837. Credit to raremaps.com This chart focuses on the East Coast of the United States with an extension into the Bahamas. It includes numerous important harbours, estuaries, & capes, such as Charleston Harbour, Port Royal, St. Mary’s River, Cape Fear, Cape Lookout, Cape Hatteras, Winyah Bay, Lewiston Bay, Havana, & St. Augustine. It also includes several important islands, such as Cumberland Island & Amelia Island. There are approximately 16 compass roses strewn across the map. There are numerous descriptions for different locations such as “Dead shells”, “The river lies in deepest water”, “White sand with black and yellow specks and fine white shells”, “This cape appears like a round hill, “Sunken rock”, “Sand & shells”, & “The current here is directed by the wind”. Each of these remarks would have been extraordinarily useful to sailors of the era, & provide a unique insight into the natural landscape. The Bahamas extension is a rare addition, which extends from Florida to the Bahamas. The extension contains much information such as information about water depth, shore composition, local currents, & even lighthouses. A small lighthouse titled “Revolving light”, can be seen on the southern tip of Great Abaco Island. Another lighthouse can be seen near modern-day Nassau. Moving up the East Coast, a comment about the Highlands of Navesink can be seen. “There are two lighthouses on the Highlands of Navesink, the northern one showing a fixed, the southern one a revolving light.” Long Island can be prominently seen at the extreme right of the map. The chart is in amazing condition, with minor soiling consistent with being used on a ship. An Analysis of the Charts A photograph of the cartographer who designed the chart, Edmund March Blunt. Credit to the Blunt Family. This chart was designed, & created by Edmund March Blunt (1770 to 1862). The chart was originally illustrated in 1826, & had additions in 1837. Edmund March Blunt was an American cartographer, chartmaker, hydrographer, & bookseller, best known for his guide “The American Pilot”, which detailed every American port at the time of publishing in 1796. In response to this immense success, he later published 21 subsequent revisions, each with important updates. He is widely considered to be one of the most influential hydrographers of the 19th century in the United States. It is titled “To The Members Of The Nautical Institution And Ship-Masters' Society Of The City Of New York, This Chart, Extending From Lat. 40°15 N., Long. 72°15 W., to Lat. 22°35 N., Long. 80°25 W., Is Respectfully Dedicated / By Their Obedient Servant Edmund M. Blunt . . . 1826 . . . Additions to 1837”. Although originally dedicated to the Marine Society of New York, the title was later changed to reflect the founding of the Nautical Institution & Ship Master’s Society. Interestingly, this chart was published in a series by Blunt’s Publishing House from 1820 to 1827. It was originally published in 1826, & later revised in 1837. This chart was originally manufactured for civilian use. It is extremely accurate for the era, with scarcely a headland, island, reef, or rock being left off. Upon considering the incredible quality & detail of the chart, the publishing house it belongs to, & the time it was manufactured in, it was manufactured using lithography. Lithography is a method of printing that arose in the 1820s, & remained the most popular method of printing in both color & grayscale until the early 1960s, when more efficient methods became available. Although it has existed since the mid-1790s, it took a long time to gain popularity in Europe due to technical difficulties, & only began gaining commercial popularity in the early 1820s. It is still widely used for certain kinds of printing, such as fine art printing today, however, digital printing is far more common. In the lithographic method, the artist will draw directly onto a printing surface, such as zinc, or copper, until they are satisfied with the drawing. After this, the surface will be covered with a chemical etch, which will bond it to the surface. With this process, the blank areas will attract moisture to the plate & repel the lithographic ink, while the areas that are drawn on will hold the ink. Water is then wiped onto the unpainted areas to help prevent the ink from deviating. After the image is inked, the paper is laid over it & covered with a tympan, & the tympan is pressed down. Finally, these materials pass through the scraper bar of the litho-press. Afterward, an exact copy of what was supposed to be printed is revealed. Directories / Credits All credit for this map analyzed today goes to Rare Maps, a California rare & antique maps store. To purchase this chart, antique atlases, or other cartographic objects, please visit www.raremaps.com. To be clear, this is not an advertisement for Rare Maps, as we do not have a partnership with them. Strategic Partnerships Reel Guppy Outdoors SharkedSkooler Marine Enthusiasts Podcasts Cash Daniels Tides of Tomorrow The Open Book, Topanga Olivenbaum Music Pitfire Artisan Pizza Our Loyal Patrons P. R. Ochoa

Today’s nautical chart is an ancient 185-year-old map of Australia & Tasmania. Australia was first recorded in European records by Dutch Captain Willem Janszoon, who was sailing aboard the Duyfken. Complete maps of the continent did not exist until the 1810’s, though partial maps were available before then. The map is moderately sized at 31.5 inches wide & 22 inches long. Shockingly for its time, the chart contains many vibrant colours such as pink, blue, teal, yellow, & orange. It contains numerous place names of different coastal settlements & towns along Australia, as well as information about local reefs, islands, & shoals. In today’s article, we are going to examine this antique map, discuss it, & perform an analysis of it. With that being said, let’s delve into the warm tropical waters of Australia! The Chart A striking antique nautical chart of Australia & Tasmania designed & published by James Wyld in 1841. Credit to raremaps.com. This chart focuses on Australia & Tasmania. Tasmania was referred to as Van Diemen’s Land, from 1642 to 1856. It was named after Anthony van Diemen, who was governor-general of the Dutch East Indies from 1636 to 1645. Tasmania was officially discovered by Abel Tasman under the commission of Van Diemen, & named the island in his honour. The chart was produced in London, England. It showcases many islands, shoals, & even the shipwreck of the HMS Pandora in addition to the primary landmasses. The HMS Pandora was a Porcupine-class British Naval Vessel used for hunting down the mutineers aboard the HMS Bounty. The ship wrecked on the Great Barrier Reef in 1791, with 78 of the 134 stationed aboard returning home safely, & the rest suffering a watery doom. Knowing the locations of the local shoals & islands would have been significant to any sailor of the era not meeting the same fate as the crew aboard the HMS Pandora. In addition to information about local shoals, it also features information on the local topography with comments such as “Cliff goes from 40 feet to 60 feet high”, “Sandy hills sprinkled with vegetation”, & “Very low coast thinly wooded”. It showcases dozens of place names from all over Australia & Tasmania. In Australia, it includes the 18 counties in New South Wales, & the 14 counties near Perth, then referred to as Western Australia. South Australia is depicted in the chart, though Victoria appears as an unorganized territory called “Australia Felix”. Tasmania is depicted with 9 counties on its eastern side. The map uses information gathered from early expeditions into Australia’s interior, particularly in its depiction of what is now Victoria, then referred to as “Australia Felix”, & the southern areas of New South Wales. Some of the results hail from the early expeditions of Sir Thomas Livingstone Mitchell, a Scottish surveyor & explorer known for his exploration of Australia. The chart is in fantastic condition for its time, with no creases, burns, yellowing, or brown spots. An Analysis of the Chart This chart was designed & produced by James Wyld the Elder, a British Geographer & Cartographer. Born in 1790, Wyld Sr. began his career as a mapmaker under William Faden. When Faden retired, Wyld Sr. took over, acquiring many plates in the process. He often signed his work “Successor to Faden”, which can be used when attempting to distinguish his maps from his sons. He was one of the most prolific mapmakers of the era, & was named geographer to King George IV, William IV, & HRH the Duke of York. He was one of the founding members of the Royal Geographical Society in 1830, the same year his son took over his publishing house. Unfortunately, James Wyld the Elder passed away at the age of 46 on October 14th, 1836, as a result of overwork. His son, also named James Wyld, took up the business following his passing, & would go on to be Geographer to Queen Victoria, design a globe attraction 19 meters in diameter which was placed in Leicester Square, & have a successful career in Parliament. Interestingly, this chart was published as part of a series of maps of Australia. This series, published by Wyld’s Publishing House, began in 1833, & gradually showcased more information as more expeditions were launched into the interior & along the coastline. It is of great historical importance, & certainly played a role in the rapid development of Australia. This chart was manufactured primarily for civilian use. What it does depict is fairly accurate, though the majority of the Australian interior is left blank. Upon reviewing the quality, the publishing house, & time that the map was manufactured in, this chart was most likely manufactured using lithography. Lithography is a method of printing that arose in the 1820s, & remained the most popular method of printing in both color & grayscale until the early 1960s, when more efficient methods became available. Although it has existed since the mid-1790s, it took a long time to gain popularity in Europe due to technical difficulties, & only began gaining commercial popularity in the early 1820s. It is still widely used for certain kinds of printing, such as fine art printing today; however, digital printing is far more common. In the lithographic method, the artist will draw directly onto a printing surface, such as zinc or copper, until they are satisfied with the drawing. After this, the surface will be covered with a chemical etch, which will bond it to the surface. With this process, the blank areas will attract moisture to the plate & repel the lithographic ink, while the areas that are drawn on will hold the ink. Water is then wiped onto the unpainted areas to help prevent the ink from deviating. After the image is inked, the paper is laid over it & covered with a tympan, & the tympan is pressed down. Finally, these materials pass through the scraper bar of the litho-press. Afterward, an exact copy of what was supposed to be printed is revealed. It is extremely useful for making high-resolution prints in high quantities. A modern photograph of Hobart, the capital of Tasmania. This photograph depicts Battery Point, Sandy Bay, the city of Hobart, & kunanyi / Mount Wellington. Credit to Loic Le Guilly. Directories / Credits All credit for this map analyzed today goes to Rare Maps, a California rare & antique maps store. To purchase this chart, antique atlases, or other cartographic objects, please visit www.raremaps.com. To be clear, this is not an advertisement for Rare Maps, as we do not have a partnership with them. Strategic Partnerships Reel Guppy Outdoors SharkedSkooler Marine Enthusiasts Podcast Cash Daniels Tides of Tomorrow The Open Book, Topanga Olivenbaum Music Pitfire Artisan Pizza Our Loyal Patrons P. R. Ochoa

Today’s nautical chart is an ancient 278-year-old map of South Asia, & the Indo-Pacific. Until the early 1500s, maps & information about South Asia were not widely available across Europe. As the ability to mass-produce maps grew across Europe, information from all corners of the world began to reach the continent. The map is moderately sized at 34.5 inches wide, & 20.5 inches long. Uncharacteristically for the time, the chart is brightly coloured with greens, reds, yellows, & teals used to indicate different regions. In addition to being brightly coloured, an elaborate cartouche with designs of cannons, drums, spears, swords, anchors, & flags can be seen in the lower left corner. In today’s article, we are going to examine this antique map, discuss it, & perform an analysis of it. With that being said, let’s delve into the tropical waters of South Asia! The Chart A magnificent nautical chart of South Asia produced by Homann Heirs in 1748. Credit to raremaps.com. This chart is focused on the Indo-Pacific, & features modern-day Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, the Maldives, India, Cambodia, Thailand, Laos, South China, Vietnam, Bangladesh, & the Philippines. Sri Lanka is referred to as “Ceilan”, as it was referred to as Ceylon until 1972. The entire chart is in German, as it was produced in Nuremberg, Germany. Between the 15th, & 18th centuries, Nuremberg was one of the scientific, & cartographic capitals of the world, with many charts produced in the city being used in other areas of Europe. The chart showcases hundreds, possibly even thousands of place names all over South Asia. From India, to Timor Leste, hundreds of coastal & inland cities are featured on the map. Additionally, the Tropic of Cancer is featured, labelled “Tropicus Cancri”. Apart from a few small brown spots around the sides, the chart is in magnificent condition for the time. An Analysis of the Chart This chart was manufactured in 1748 in Nuremberg, Germany, by Homann Heirs. Homann Heirs was a cartographic house that operated from 1702 to 1848 in Germany. It was founded by Johann Baptist Homann in 1702, before being passed along to his son Johann Christoph upon his death in 1724. Christoph suffered an untimely death in 1730 at the age of 27, & the firm was inherited by Johann Michael Franz, & Johann Georg Ebersberger. This led to the name of the house being changed from “Homann Erben”, to “Homann Heirs”. It was known by a variety of names including but not limited to “Homanniani Heredes”, “Heritiers de Homann”, “Lat Homannianos Herod”, & “Homannschen Erben”. These names were primarily used for commercial publication in foreign countries. The firm operated until the death of its final owner, Christoph Franz Fembo in 1848. This chart was titled “Carte Des Indes Orientales dessinee suivant les Observations les plus recentes dont le principal est tiree des Cartes hydrographiques de Mr. D'Apres de Mannevillette”, which roughly translates to “Map of the East Indies drawn up according to the most recent observations, the main source of which is Mr. D'Apres de Mannevillette's hydrographic charts.” The chart was most likely manufactured for civilian purposes, rather than for military use. Considering the age of the map, it was most likely manufactured using the engraving method. In this technique, there are 4 roles, the mapmaker, the engraver, the printer, & the colourist. The first step in this process is that the mapmaker will go out & make a hand-drawn map of the area where the map will encompass. Effectively, the mapmaker is the informant who makes the first copy. After this, the engraver will create a design of the map in reverse on a metal, usually copper, surface. Usually, there would only be 1-2 plates used, however, it differs depending on the size of the map. After the copper plate is made, the printer will heat the copper panel, & then proceed to lather it with ink. They will then wipe the copper panel down to the point where the ink is only on the grooves of the panel. Thereafter, the printer will press damp paper onto the ink, & hang it up to dry. To conclude, the colourist will touch up the map & decorate it by adding in details, such as shorelines, docks, piers, rocks, & shoals. The result should be a detailed chart with colour, & depth, useful to any sailor of the era traversing the dangerous ocean. Directories / Credits All credit for this map analyzed today goes to Rare Maps, a California rare & antique maps store. To purchase this chart, antique atlases, or other cartographic objects, please visit www.raremaps.com. To be clear, this is not an advertisement for Rare Maps, as we do not have a partnership with them. Strategic Partnerships Reel Guppy Outdoors SharkedSkooler Marine Enthusiasts Podcast Cash Daniels Tides of Tomorrow The Open Book, Topanga Olivenbaum Music Pitfire Artisan Pizza Our Loyal Patrons P. R. Ochoa

One of the earliest photographs of the Pacific Ocean was taken in 1909. This photograph was taken along the rocky coastline of Monterey, California—Credit to Revive Salvage. Today’s nautical chart is an ancient, 354-year-old map of the Pacific Ocean, by the English. This map is of incredible historical importance, as it is the first map of the Pacific Ocean created by the English. The Pacific Ocean is the largest ocean on planet Earth, & was unknown to many Europeans until Vasco de Núñez Balboa discovered the Isthmus of Panama in 1513, & consequently, the Pacific Ocean. It was not understood in its full vastness, until Ferdinand Magellan & his men crossed the Pacific in 1521. The map is fairly small, at 21 inches long by 17 inches wide. It does appear to some to have mild flaws, including small staining & toning in the center. Uncommonly for the time, the map has a variety of vivid colours. Along the shoreline, a bright yellow colour to differentiate between the ocean & the land, a blue colour can be seen along the coast, a purple can be seen on a figureheads robe in the upper right corner, a red can be seen on a figureheads hat, an orange can be seen outlining the title, & greens can be seen in various places throughout the chart. In this article, we are going to discuss this primeval map, & perform an analysis of it. With that being said, let us delve into this archaic nautical chart! The Chart As discussed in the introduction, this chart is focused on the Pacific Ocean, & showcases parts of Western South America, Western North America, Japan, New Zealand, & Tasmania, also known as Van Diemen’s Land. The Pacific Ocean is referred to as “Mare Pacificum”, which means “peaceful sea”, in Latin, on the chart. The chart showcases dozens of place names, from Point Conception, California, to Sand Hills, New Zealand. It refers to New Zealand as States Island, & remarks on its then recent discovery date of 1642. One interesting thing that the chart showcases is the now disproven “Island California”, theory. For hundreds of years from the 1500’s, to the 1700’s, California was shown as an island, unattached from North America. This began with a map by Diego Gutiérrez published in 1562, & continued until 1747 when King Ferdinand VII of Spain issued a decree stating California was attached to North America. Apart from minor marks near the center, the chart is in stunning condition for its age. An Analysis of the Chart This chart was manufactured in 1627 by English Cartographer & Hydrographer John Seller. He was one of the most influential & illustrious cartographers of his time, & was well known for his oceanic works. He was born in London in 1632 to a family of cordwainers, which is a kind of shoemaker. Upon coming of age, he apprenticed with Edward Lowe, before leaving in 1654, & joining the Clockmaker’s Company. Although he began as a compass, & clock maker, & expanded his skillset to include cartography, as well as hydrography. His career was abruptly interrupted when he was accused of being a conspirator in a High Treason plot led by nobleman Thomas Tonge. Whether he repeated rumours, was involved with the wrong people, or was completely unaware is unclear. What is clear however, is that he was convicted of treason, & held in Newgate Prison. While other conspirators were executed due to admission of guilt, he held his innocence steadfast, & through persistence, managed to convince the government to release him. Upon his release, he went on to become one of the most influential hydrographers in England, even being named Hydrographer to the King. In addition to this, his 2 sons, John & Jeremiah Seller, would go on to pursue cartography, following in their father’s footsteps. This chart was likely manufactured for civilian merchant purposes, particularly merchants looking to commercialize the newly discovered Pacific. Considering the age of the map, it was most likely manufactured using the engraving method. In this technique, there are 4 roles, the mapmaker, the engraver, the printer, & the colourist. The first step in this process is that the mapmaker will go out & make a hand-drawn map of the area where the map will encompass. Effectively, the mapmaker is the informant who makes the first copy. After this, the engraver will create a design of the map in reverse on a metal, usually copper, surface. Usually, there would only be 1-2 plates used, however, it differs depending on the size of the map. After the copper plate is made, the printer will heat the copper panel, & then proceed to lather it with ink. They will then wipe the copper panel down to the point where the ink is only on the grooves of the panel. Thereafter, the printer will press damp paper onto the ink, & hang it up to dry. To conclude, the colourist will touch up the map & decorate it by adding in details, such as shorelines & shoals. The result should be a detailed chart with colour, & depth, useful to any sailor of the era traversing the high seas. Directories / Credits All credit for this map analyzed today goes to Rare Maps, a California rare & antique maps store. To purchase this chart, antique atlases, or other cartographic objects, please visit www.raremaps.com. To be clear, this is not an advertisement for Rare Maps, as we do not have a partnership with them. Strategic Partnerships Reel Guppy Outdoors SharkedSkooler Marine Enthusiasts Podcast Cash Daniels Tides of Tomorrow The Open Book, Topanga Pitfire Artisan Pizza Olivenbaum Music Our Loyal Patrons P. R. Ochoa

Today’s nautical chart is a 166-year-old nautical map of the Florida Keys, from Ramrod Key to Boca Grande Key! The Florida Keys are a magnificent set of islands off the coast of the Florida Panhandle in the United States. They are known for their distinctive wildlife, relaxing resorts, & beautiful beaches. They are located in the Gulf of Mexico, from The chart depicts the lower portion of the Florida Keys, known as the Southern Keys. The chart is in English, & contains a tremendous amount of information about seafloor depth, seafloor composition, lighthouses, information about when data was taken, & crash sites of unlucky ships. It showcases the names of various islands, including charming, idyllic destinations such as Summerland Key, & Key West. It is of fair size, being 31 inches wide, & 22.5 inches long. The chart is cream coloured, with islands being covered yellow to differentiate from the sea, & details being outlined in black. For the time, the depiction of the islands were fairly accurate, making them an incredibly useful resource to any sailor of the era who passed through the area often. In today’s article, we shall discuss this intriguing nautical chart, perform an analysis of it. With that being said, let us delve into the warm, erratic waters of the Florida Keys! A beautiful aerial photograph of Ramrod Key, the island at the beginning of the map in the lower Florida Keys. This was taken on October 7th, 1987. Credit to the Federal Government of the United States of America. The Chart A gorgeous antique Nautical Chart designed by the United States Office in Coast Survey. Courtesy of Rare Maps. In the introduction, we discussed the subject of the map, an island chain known as the Florida Keys. The chart includes a variety of island names, from Boca Grande to Shark Key. The map is relatively undamaged, with the main visible flaws being yellowed marks running vertically & horizontally. As can be visualized by the numbers visible in the ocean, the chart also includes a vast amount of bathymetric data, meaning data about the sea floor. In addition to including information about depth, it also includes information about composition. A table at the bottom of the map explains that the chart has markers for different materials that the seafloor is composed of, including mud, sand, shells, coral, stones, rock, & marl. To the right on the table, we can also see that the chart gives information on the hardness of the sea floor, going from broken to rocky. This information would have been particularly useful to ships looking to anchor in the area, as composition of the sea floor affects what kind of anchor will be used. Also at the bottom, is a list of local lighthouses, as well as tidal information. An Analysis of the Chart This chart was designed & manufactured in 1859, by the United States Coastal Survey. The United States Coastal Survey was founded in 1807 by Thomas Jefferson. During the War of 1812, many disagreements ensued over whether or not the office should be civilian, or military controlled. This eventually led to the agency being re-founded in 1832 by Rudolph Hassled as a civilian agency, although they still collaborated closely with the military, working closely with the army & navy for hydrographic as well as topographic work. Unfortunately, the agency was disrupted by the civil war, during which Alexander Dallas Bache, the grandson of Ben Franklin. Later, post-civil war, after the country began returning to a state of normalcy, the party began employing more scientists, & naturalists. The agency also had an active role in the second world war, manufacturing over 100 million maps for the allies. In 1970, the agency was merged with several other governmental institutions to form the modern National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration. Considering the history of the United States Coastal Survey, this chart was likely manufactured for both military & civilian use. Upon reviewing the quality, & time that the map was manufactured in, the chart was most likely manufactured using lithography. Lithography is a method of printing that arose in the 1820s, & remained the most popular method of printing in both color & grayscale until the early 1960s, when more efficient methods became available. Although it has existed since the mid-1790s, it took a long time to gain popularity in Europe due to technical difficulties, & only began gaining commercial popularity in the early 1820s. It is still widely used for certain kinds of printing, such as fine art printing today, however, digital printing is far more common. In the lithographic method, the artist will draw directly onto a printing surface, such as zinc, or copper, until they are satisfied with the drawing. After this, the surface will be covered with a chemical etch, which will bond it to the surface. With this process, the blank areas will attract moisture to the plate & repel the lithographic ink, while the areas that are drawn on will hold the ink. Water is then wiped onto the unpainted areas to help prevent the ink from deviating. After the image is inked, the paper is laid over it & covered with a tympan, & the tympan is pressed down. Finally, these materials pass through the scraper bar of the litho-press. Afterward, an exact copy of what was supposed to be printed is revealed. It is extremely useful for making high-resolution prints in high quantities. A serene photograph of Boca Grande, Florida. This is the furthest island away from the mainland depicted in the chart. Credit to photographer Rob Wiltse. Directories / Credits All credit for this map analyzed today goes to Rare Maps, a California rare & antique maps store. To purchase this chart, antique atlases, or other cartographic objects, please visit www.raremaps.com. To be clear, this is not an advertisement for Rare Maps, as we do not have a partnership with them. Strategic Partnerships Reel Guppy Outdoors SharkedSkooler Marine Enthusiasts Podcast Cash Daniels Tides of Tomorrow The Open Book, Topanga Pitfire Artisan Pizza Olivenbaum Music Our Loyal Patrons P. R. Ochoa

A stunning photograph of the Jurassic Coast along Southern England. England is one of the primary subjects of today’s nautical chart. Credit to Yohantha Gunawarma. Today’s antique nautical chart is a 168-year-old chart of the British Isles! The chart depicts the entirety of the British Isles, Ireland, & the tides around said areas. The British Isles are the islands the administrative region of the Isle of Man, & the United Kingdom. The chart showcases the tides of Northwestern France, Norway, Northwestern Germany, the Netherlands, Ireland, the United Kingdom, & the Isle of Man. It also depicts the Isles of Skye, Mull, Lewis, & Grimsay, which are a part of the Inner & Outer Hebrides. This tidal information is meant to be during the new & full moon, meaning these tides are spring tides. The map is in English, & it contains an immense amount of information about tidal, & depth information. In addition to this, it lists the names of numerous coastal towns, as well as various major cities, including Londonderry, Perth, & Edinburgh. This would have been valuable to any sailor of the era attempting to traverse the British Isles, especially one attempting to visit one of the non-major cities. The chart is fairly sized, at 23 inches wide & 19 inches long. It does contain some colour, with outlines of green, magenta, & yellow. The majority of the chart is some variation of grey, with lighter tones indicating lower tides & land. In today’s article, we shall discuss the map itself, & perform an analysis of it! With that being said, let us delve into the cool, unforgiving waters of the British Isles! The Chart An intriguing map of the British Isles, Northwestern France, & Southern Norway. Credit to hydrographers W. & A. K. Johnson. As discussed in the introduction, this map depicts the British Isles, the Hebrides, Northwestern France, Northwestern Germany, the Netherlands, & Southern Norway. It includes numerous town names along Great Britain, & Ireland, from Wickford to Dunbar. The chart is free of scratches or tears, with it being in pristine conditions apart from some minor spots & yellowing. The chart has small amounts of colour, particularly magenta, green, & yellow, outlining the shorelines of Norway, Northwestern France, & Great Britain. Apart from that, it is various shades of grey, with lighter shades indicating shallower depths. The chart contains a variety of bathymetric information, meaning information about the sea floor, particularly its depth. As was standard at the time, the information is in fathoms, which is an old nautical measurement (1 fathom = 6 feet). The chart is in pristine condition, with no rips, tears, or creases, although it does have some small dark spots. An Analysis of the Chart This chart was constructed by W. & A. K. Johnston under the direction of J. Scott Russell. It was published in 1857, as No. 4 in their hydrography collection, under the title “Tidal Chart of the British Seas: Showing the Progress of the Wave of High Water, the Hour of High Water in Greenwich Time at New and Full Moon; and the Depth of the Sea”. William & Alexander Keith Johnston were a pair of brothers who were Scottish cartographers, hydrographers, & geographers. Together, they started their own cartography & engraving business in 1826, with the motto “Ready, Aye, Ready!”. Their offices were located at 4 St. Andrews Square in Edinburgh, where this chart was most likely manufactured. As mentioned in the introduction, it was constructed under the guidance of J. Scott Russell, a prominent oceanographer of the time. He partnered with the brothers Johnston, & assisted in gathering data for the chart. The chart fulfilled the massive task of giving sailors, merchants, biologists, & similar professionals of the time a grasp of what spring tides are, how they differ from regular tides, how they differ from neap tides, & what this all translates to practically. As far as records indicate, this chart was created for civilian use, for those who were navigating the British Seas. Considering the quality of the chart, & the time that it was manufactured in, it was most likely manufactured using Lithography. Lithography is a method of printing that arose in the 1820s, & remained the most popular method of printing in both color & grayscale until the early 1960s, when more efficient methods became available. Although it has existed since the mid-1790s, it took a long time to gain popularity in Europe due to technical difficulties, & only began gaining commercial popularity in the early 1820s. It is still widely used for certain kinds of printing, such as fine art printing today, however, digital printing is far more common. In the lithographic method, the artist will draw directly onto a printing surface, such as zinc, or copper, until they are satisfied with the drawing. After this, the surface will be covered with a chemical etch, which will bond it to the surface. With this process, the blank areas will attract moisture to the plate & repel the lithographic ink, while the areas that are drawn on will hold the ink. Water is then wiped onto the unpainted areas to help prevent the ink from deviating. After the image is inked, a paper is laid over it & covered with a tympan, & the tympan is pressed down. Finally, these materials pass through the scraper bar of the litho-press. Afterward, an exact copy of what was supposed to be printed is revealed. It is still useful for making high-resolution prints in high quantities, & is used in fine-art prints to this day. Directories / Credits All credit for this map analyzed today goes to Rare Maps, a California rare & antique maps store. To purchase this chart, antique atlases, or other cartographic objects, please visit www.raremaps.com. To be clear, this is not an advertisement for Rare Maps, as we do not have a partnership with them. Strategic Partnerships Reel Guppy Outdoors SharkedSkooler Marine Enthusiasts Podcast Cash Daniels Tides of Tomorrow The Open Book, Topanga Pitfire Artisan Pizza Olivenbaum Music Our Loyal Patrons P. R. Ochoa

Today’s vintage nautical chart is a 51-year-old chart of Santa Monica Bay, California, USA! This chart depicts the entirety of Santa Monica Bay, a well-known bay immediately west of Los Angeles known for its vibrant marine scenes, natural beauty, & economic importance. It showcases the developments around the bay as well, including Los Angeles International Airport, the Pacific Palisades, Palos Verdes, & El Segundo. However, these various developments have all proliferated since the chart’s publication, & in the case of the Pacific Palisades, have been impacted by horrific wildfires. The map is in English, although the script’s letters are thin in some places making it mildly difficult to understand. It contains a tremendous amount of information on different marine depths, coves, inlets, & harbours along the bay, making it an indelible resource for any sailor of the era. It also contains a magnetic compass rose, which would have been extremely useful for understanding the orientation of different features, the directions of different locations relative to one another, & generally navigation. The chart is also rather large at 27 inches wide by 33.5 inches long. Its condition is superb, with colours being clear as well as bright, no rips or tears, little yellowing, no folds or creases, & no cracks. In today’s article, we shall discuss the map itself, & perform an analysis of it! With that being said, let us delve into the mild waters of Santa Monica Bay! The Map A gorgeous colour print chart of Santa Monica Bay by the United States Department of Commerce’s National Ocean Survey. Printed in 1974. As mentioned previously, the subject of this map is Santa Monica Bay. Santa Monica Bay is a very prominent bay, located immediately west of Los Angeles. It has numerous prominent cities along its shores, including El Segundo, Pacific Palisades, Playa Del Rey, Malibu, & its namesake Santa Monica. The area is a highly economically prosperous area for the county of Los Angeles, & California as a whole. It is also rather culturally important, as it is closely associated with the local film, tourism, & fishing industries. The bay itself is approximately 385 square miles, & has roughly 55 miles of pristine coastline. The chart has a trichromatic colour scheme, sticking to yellow for land, light blue for the sea, & purple for details such as the compass rose in the center. The map has a variety of bathymetric information, with information about sea floor depth, in fathoms (1 fathom = 6 feet), pipelines, & information about coastal developments. This would have made it highly useful to any sailor who frequented the area. Although the information about coastal developments is long outdated, it was useful for its time. Small markings such as, “wreck”, “anchorage area”, & “fish haven”, are present on the chart. In this context, a fish haven is an area with rocks, concrete, or some other hard material that attracts fish, & sessile organisms such as bivalves. This likely would have been used by fishermen who purchased the map & wished to find plentiful areas. As mentioned prior, the chart is in lovely condition, with no visible rips, tears, creases, or folds. An Analysis of the Chart This chart was designed & manufactured in 1974 by the United States Department of Commerce’s National Ocean Survey. The National Ocean Survey was created by the Department of Commerce to enhance, preserve, & better the marine ecosystems, & oceanic environment surrounding the US. Eventually, it was renamed to the National Ocean Service, & today has over 1,700 scientists on payroll. The agency is headquartered in Silver Spring Maryland, which is most likely where the map was manufactured. The map was made for civilian purposes, for sailors, fishermen, & merchants alike, who frequent the bay. Considering the quality of the chart, it was most likely manufactured using Lithography. Lithography is a method of printing that arose in the 1820s, & remained the most popular method of printing in both color & grayscale until the early 1960s, when more efficient methods became available. Although it has existed since the mid-1790s, it took a long time to gain popularity in Europe due to technical difficulties, & only began gaining commercial popularity in the early 1820s. It is still widely used for certain kinds of printing, such as fine art printing today, however, digital printing is far more common. In the lithographic method, the artist will draw directly onto a printing surface, such as zinc, or copper, until they are satisfied with the drawing. After this, the surface will be covered with a chemical etch, which will bond it to the surface. With this process, the blank areas will attract moisture to the plate & repel the lithographic ink, while the areas that are drawn on will hold the ink. Water is then wiped onto the unpainted areas to help prevent the ink from deviating. After the image is inked, the paper is laid over it & covered with a tympan, & the tympan is pressed down. Finally, these materials pass through the scraper bar of the litho-press. Afterward, an exact copy of what was supposed to be printed is revealed. It is extremely useful for making high-resolution prints in high quantities. A marvellous photograph of Santa Monica Bay. Credit to photographer John Moeschler. Directories / Credits All credit for this map analyzed today goes to Rare Maps, a California rare & antique maps store. To purchase this chart, antique atlases, or other cartographic objects, please visit www.raremaps.com. To be clear, this is not an advertisement for Rare Maps, as we do not have a partnership with them. Strategic Partnerships Reel Guppy Outdoors SharkedSkooler Marine Enthusiasts Podcast Tides of Tomorrow Cash Daniels The Open Book, Topanga Pitfire Artisan Pizza Olivenbaum Music Our Loyal Patrons P. R. Ochoa

Today’s antique nautical chart in our Ode to Oceanography series is an intriguing, 198-year-old nautical chart of Copenhagen, Denmark! This chart showcases the “Kattegat”, which is a sea passage between the North Sea & Baltic Sea, between Denmark & Sweden. This map depicts the entirety of the passage, along with parts of northeastern Denmark, & Southwestern Sweden. The map is mostly in Danish, making it difficult to understand for many primary English speakers, however, the information is still mostly intelligible. The chart contains a treasure trove of trade routes, islands, communities, sounding depths, lighthouses, & similar information, making it extremely useful to any sailor of the era attempting to cross the Kattegat. The chart is also rather large at 22 inches wide by 35.4 inches long. It is in fantastic condition as well, with little to no yellowing, marks, fold-lines, rips, or tears, making the image clear. In today’s article, we shall discuss the map itself, & perform an analysis of it! With that being said, let us delve into the icy waters of Denmark! The Chart A magnificent 198-year-old map of the Kattegat between Denmark & Sweden, connecting the North & Baltic Seas. Credit to the Danish Royal Navy. As mentioned in the introduction, the subject of this map is the Kattegat, which translates literally as “Cat’s Gate”, for its rough waters, islands, narrowness, & rocky outcroppings. The area is a very economically, & politically important body of water connecting the North & Baltic Seas. At the time, it was also a massive source of income for the Danish Government, as it would tax any vessels sailing through. The Kattegat enables trade between the two regions, & as such, it was essential to have proper navigation when sailing through it. The chart is uncoloured, maintaining a consistent cream colour throughout, not changing to differentiate land & sea. The chart includes a decent amount of bathymetric information, meaning information about the seafloor, as sounding depths can be seen displayed in some of the oceanic areas. In addition to this, it includes an incredible amount of town names, settlement names, lighthouses, & islands, useful to any sailor or merchant looking to transport goods or passengers between the two nations. As mentioned in the introduction, the chart is in stunning condition considering its age. It has no yellowing, a few completely repaired rips not impacting the quality of information, no fold lines, or anything of the type. An Analysis of the Chart This chart was designed & manufactured in 1827 by the Royal Danish Nautical Chart Archive. The Royal Danish Nautical Chart Archive was created by the Danish Government in 1784 to provide accurate nautical information to the Royal Danish Navy, civilian sailors, & merchants passing through Danish waters. In the top right corner, we see a gorgeous design called a “Cartouche”, around the title of the map, “Kaart over Kattegattet”. This cartouche contains a mermaid playing the lyre, a merman holding a trident & raising his hand, along with 2 goddesses holding a spyglass along an oar, the bows of ships. Above the cartouche is the seal of King Frederick VI of Denmark, Former King of Norway. Immediately below that, we see the crest of the Royal Danish Navy, which has the initials of the Royal Danish Nautical Chart Archives, along with the date that the map was manufactured. Considering the time that the chart was made in, the late 1820s, we believe that this chart was manufactured through lithography. Lithography is a method of printing that arose in the 1820s, & remained the most popular method of printing in both color & grayscale until the early 1960s, when more efficient methods became available. Although it has existed since the mid-1790s, it took a long time to gain popularity in Europe due to technical difficulties, & only began gaining commercial popularity in the early 1820s. It is still widely used for certain kinds of printing, such as fine art printing today, however, digital printing is far more common. In the lithographic method, the artist will draw directly onto a printing surface, such as zinc, or copper, until they are satisfied with the drawing. After this, the surface will be covered with a chemical etch, which will bond it to the surface. With this process, the blank areas will attract moisture to the plate & repel the lithographic ink, while the areas that are drawn on will hold the ink. Water is then wiped onto the unpainted areas to help prevent the ink from deviating. After the image is inked, the paper is laid over it & covered with a tympan, & the tympan is pressed down. Finally, these materials pass through the scraper bar of the litho-press. Afterward, an exact copy of what was supposed to be printed is revealed. It is extremely useful for making high-resolution prints in high quantities. A photograph of the Kattegat, depicted in its full glory. Credit to the shop Vikings & Valhalla. Directories / Credits All credit for this map analyzed today goes to Rare Maps, a California rare & antique maps store. To purchase this chart, antique atlases, or other cartographic objects, please visit www.raremaps.com. To be clear, this is not an advertisement for Rare Maps, as we do not have a partnership with them. Strategic Partnerships Reel Guppy Outdoors SharkedSkooler Marine Enthusiasts Podcast Cash Daniels Tides of Tomorrow Our Loyal Patrons P. R. Ochoa

A gorgeous photograph of the Hawaiian Day Octopus, a creature that we covered in a previous article about the Hawaiian Island of Lanai. This octopus is known for its vibrant blue spots, symbolism in Hawaiian Culture, & conniving intellect. Credit to underwater photographer Teresa Zubi. Today’s map in the Ode to Oceanography series is a lovely, 108-year-old, nautical chart of Hawaii, then referred to as the “Territory of Hawaii”, as it had not yet reached statehood. This chart showcases the entirety of the islands of Hawaii, from Ni’ihau to the Island of Hawai’i. The map features a trove of topographic information, as well as information about coastal communities on the island. The map even includes volcanic eruptions which occurred around the time In addition to this, near the bottom towards the left, there is a table of the approximate distances between Honolulu, the capital of Hawaii, & various major cities. This would have been useful for any sailor of the Pacific, or any scientist looking to sail between Hawaii & any major cities. Although the chart has slight discolouration, it is still concise, with proportions of 33 inches (83.82 centimeters) wide, & 22 inches (55.88 centimeters) long. In today’s article, we will discuss the map itself, & analyze this antique nautical map. With that being said, let us delve into the idyllic tropical islands of Hawaii! The Chart A splendid 108-year-old map of Hawaii from the U.S. General Land Office. This chart depicts all of the Pacific Islands of Hawaii, listed as the “Territory of Hawaii”. The chart was manufactured in 1917, back when Hawaii was a Territory, as it did not reach statehood until 1959. The chart is coloured, with a light blue showcasing the sea, brown shades depicting each island, & red lines on each island depicting routes that one could take should they decide to traverse the island. Sadly, the chart does not include very much Bathymetric information, however, it makes up for it in topographic details. The chart includes a multitude of town names, & other topographic features such as mountains, volcanoes, lava flows, past eruptions, & rivers, extremely useful to any sailor of the era. The chart is also in decent condition, with some slight discolouration, & minor yellowing. An Analysis of the Chart This map was manufactured in 1917, by the United States General Land Office. During the time of the maps' creation, Hawaii had been freshly made a Territory of the United States by the Hawaii Organic Act of 1900. To establish new infrastructure & connections with the mainland, it was imperative to have a proper understanding of Hawaii’s topography, surrounding oceans, volcanic activity, & similar attributes. It is also important to note that due to this sudden need for information about Hawaii, multiple other cartographers sprang into action & created similar maps. Hawaii was also seen as a paramount part of our connections to Australia, & East Asia, & having an understanding of its distance from these locations would have been very important to many sailors of the Pacific during this Era. This is most likely why it was decided to include the table near the left center, showcasing the distance between various major port cities of the Pacific & Honolulu. Considering the time that the chart was made in, & the fact that it was mass-produced, we believe that this chart was manufactured through lithography. Lithography is a method of printing that arose in the 1820s, & remained the most popular method of printing in both color & grayscale until the early 1960s, when more efficient methods became available. It is still widely used for certain kinds of printing, such as fine art printing today, however, digital printing is far more common. In the lithographic method, the artist will draw directly onto a printing surface, such as zinc, or copper, until they are satisfied with the drawing. After this, the surface will be covered with a chemical etch, which will bond it to the surface. With this process, the blank areas will attract moisture to the plate & repel the lithographic ink, while the areas that are drawn on will hold the ink. Water is then wiped onto the unpainted areas to help prevent the ink from deviating. After the image is inked, the paper is laid over it & covered with a tympan, & the tympan is pressed down. Finally, these materials pass through the scraper bar of the litho-press. Afterward, an exact copy of whatever was supposed to be printed is revealed. It is extremely useful for making high-resolution prints in high quantities. Directories / Credits All credit for this map analyzed today goes to Rare Maps, a California rare & antique maps store. To purchase this chart, antique atlases, or other cartographic objects, please visit www.raremaps.com. To be clear, this is not an advertisement for Rare Maps, as we do not have a partnership with them. Strategic Partnerships Reel Guppy Outdoors SharkedSkooler Marine Enthusiasts Podcast Cash Daniels Tides of Tomorrow Our Loyal Patrons P. R. Ochoa

Today’s map in the Ode to Oceanography series is a beautiful, 103-year-old map of Antarctica, then referred to as the “South Polar Regions,” by John Bartholomew, an esteemed British cartographer known for his vast collection of maps and for being the man who named Antarctica. This chart covers the entirety of all then-discovered regions of the Antarctic Continent, along with the surrounding oceans. The map features a large amount of bathymetric information, with the colour of the surrounding water indicating its depth. This would have been very useful for any sailor or scientist navigating near the continent at the time. It is in very crisp, clear condition, with proportions of 21.5 inches wide & 16.5 inches long. In today’s article, we will discuss the map itself, & analyze this antique nautical map. With that being said, let us delve into the frigid & inhospitable environment of Antarctica! The Map A gorgeous antique nautical chart of Antarctica. Credit to John George Bartholomew. This chart depicts the entirety of the Antarctic continent in its average ice cover. It is coloured, with blue & white tones. As mentioned in the introduction, it includes a tremendous amount of bathymetric information. Around the continent, the colour of the water indicates its depth, with the lightest colour indicating an oceanic depth of 1 to 100 fathoms, & the darkest colour indicating an oceanic depth of 3,000 fathoms or more. Fathoms are an outdated nautical measurement that were commonly used by sailors to measure the depth of water, & are equivalent to about 6 feet. They are meant to represent the arm-span from finger-tip to finger-tip of an average adult standing with their arms stretched out, similar to the wingspan of a bird. In addition to this, the chart includes explanatory notes at the bottom in a small rectangle. This includes the scale of the map, which is 1:14,000,000, the number of soundings (depth takings), in which the sea floor could not able to be determined, which is 600. This means that there were 600 times in which depth was attempting to be taken; however no sea floor bottom was reached, so depth was unable to be determined. Also, the chart includes a boundary where pack ice is theorized not to be found, which would have been extraordinarily useful to any sailor of the era sailing past, as running into pack ice could seriously damage your vessel in an area where the next supply ship may be 48 hours away. There is also information about where pack ice was previously reported, labelled by year. Paths of previous British expeditions which occurred on the continent, such as the Robert Falcon Scott Terra Nova Expedition from 1910 to 1913. An Analysis of the Chart This chart was designed by British Cartographer John George Bartholomew, a famed cartographer known for his work with the crown & naming of Antarctica. It was released in 1922 through the Second Generation of the Times Atlas of the World. It includes several mountains, & coastal areas of Antarctica, as well as depicting several different expedition paths. It depicts at least 4 different expeditions, as well as the site of the wreck of the Endurance, which was a ship that crashed into pack ice in 1915, then promptly sank, during the Imperial Trans Antarctic Expedition led by Ernest Shackleton. The expedition was led with the goal of crossing Antarctica on foot, which sadly failed; however, the expedition is one of the most remarkable examples of human endurance, & the indomitable human spirit we possess. A photograph of the Endurance in the Weddell Sea in Northern Antarctica attempting to break through pack ice. Ultimately, it sank on November 15th, 1915; however, all the crew managed to sail to an uninhabited island north of the continent, then from there to the South Georgia Islands, & made it home without any loss of human life. Credit to photographer Frank Hurley. The chart also features the Antarctic Circle in a dashed line. Considering the period that the chart was made in, & the fact that it was mass-produced, we believe that this chart was manufactured through lithography. Lithography is a method of printing that arose in the 1820s, & remained the most popular method of printing in both color & grayscale until the early 1960s, when more efficient methods became available. It is still widely used for certain kinds of printing, such as fine art printing today; however, digital printing is far more common. In the lithographic method, the artist will draw directly onto a printing surface, such as zinc or copper, until they are satisfied with the drawing. After this, the surface will be covered with a chemical etch, which will bond it to the surface. With this process, the blank areas will attract moisture to the plate & repel the lithographic ink, while the areas that are drawn on will hold the ink. Water is then wiped onto the unpainted areas to help prevent the ink from deviating. After the image is inked, the paper is laid over it & covered with a tympan, & the tympan is pressed down. Finally, these materials pass through the scraper bar of the litho-press. Afterward, an exact copy of whatever was supposed to be printed is revealed. It is extremely useful for making high-resolution prints in high quantities. Directories / Credits All credit for this map analyzed today goes to Rare Maps, a California rare & antique maps store. To purchase this chart, antique atlases, or other cartographic objects, please visit www.raremaps.com. To be clear, this is not an advertisement for Rare Maps, as we do not have a partnership with them. Strategic Partnerships Reel Guppy Outdoors SharkedSkooler Marine Enthusiasts Podcast Cash Daniels Tides of Tomorrow Our Loyal Patrons P. R. Ochoa

Today’s map in the Ode to Oceanography series is a gorgeous, nearly century-old map of the Caribbean by mapmaker J. W. Norie. This chart covers the entirety of the northern Windward Isles, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, and parts of Cuba. It covers a very large part of the Gulf of Mexico and its surrounding areas, covering approximately 64,395 square miles (166,782 square kilometers). The map is in extraordinary condition, with every line as clear & crisp as the day that it was made. It includes a tremendous amount of information, both oceanic & topographic. It is approximately 37 inches from top to bottom, & 49 inches from side to side. In today’s article, we will discuss the map itself, & analyze this antique nautical map. With that being said, let us delve into the exquisite Windward Isles! An illustration of Santo Domingo, one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the Caribbean. It is prominently featured on the chart. The Map An excellent map of the Northern Caribbean region covering the Greater Antilles in great detail. Credit to Maps of Antiquity. As mentioned above, this chart includes a tremendous amount of information. This chart includes all coastlines in high definition, along with water depths, & eleven compass roses littered around the map. Not only this, however it includes semi-detailed topographic information in addition to the highly detailed oceanic information. It is incredibly accurate, & near-flawless, with no blemishes or discolouration except one blotch towards the center. An Analysis of the Map This chart was designed & illustrated in 1836 by John William Norie, a highly esteemed British Hydrographer & Cartographer of the 19th Century. He is most famous for his works “Epitome of Practical Navigation”, & “A Complete Set of Nautical Tables”. The map was likely made in London, in his primary cartographic office. After it came into possession of Maps of Antiquity, it was re-backed with blue paper, & restored to its full condition. The map is incredibly accurate for its time, although the spelling of Haiti has changed, the topographic features may have changed, & the coastlines are far more developed. The chart was made for civilian sailors use, & was not intended to be used in strategic comba, or by the British Navy. As the map was produced in 1836, it was likely made using Lithography. Lithography is a method of printing that arose in the 1820s, & remained the most popular method of printing in both color & grayscale until the early 1930s, when more efficient methods became available. In the lithographic method, the artist will draw directly onto a printing surface, such as zinc or copper, until they are satisfied with the drawing. After this, the surface will be covered with a chemical etch, which will bond it to the surface. With this process, the blank areas will attract moisture to the plate & repel the lithographic ink, while the areas that are drawn on will hold the ink. Water is then wiped onto the unpainted areas to help prevent the ink from deviating. After the map is inked, the paper is laid over it & covered with a tympan, & the tympan is pressed down. Finally, these materials pass through the scraper bar of the litho press. Afterward, an exact copy of whatever was supposed to be printed is revealed. Directories / Credits All credit for this map analyzed today goes to Maps Of Antiquity, a wonderful New England map shop. To purchase this map, any other maps, or any other cartographic objects, please visit mapsofantiquity.com. To be clear, this is not an advertisement for Maps of Antiquity, as we do not have a partnership with them. Strategic Partnerships Reel Guppy Outdoors SharkedSkooler Marine Enthusiasts Podcast Cash Daniels Tides of Tomorrow Our Loyal Patrons P. R. Ochoa

Today’s Ode to Oceanography series map is an ancient nautical chart of the Southeastern United States. This map is of the coast of the Southeastern United States from Cape Fear in North Carolina to Saint Augustine, in Northern Florida. It encompasses the states of Georgia, South Carolina, & partially covers Florida & North Carolina. The map is in reasonable condition & has been re-backed, & restored using various techniques, although it does have a few slight dark markings in the upper right corner, as well as in the lower left region. In today’s article, we will discuss the map itself, & analyze this antique nautical map. With that being said, let us delve into the Marshlands of the Southeastern United States! A photograph of Cape Fear jutting out into the Atlantic Ocean, where the map starts. Credit to Wilmington Star News. A gorgeous photograph of the coastline of Saint Augustine, Florida, with a beautiful, vast blue ocean. This is the approximate location where the map ends. Credit to Ocean Grove RV Resort. The Map A 193-year-old Nautical map of the southeastern United States. Credit to Maps of Antiquity. The map spans 4 different U.S states, those being North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, & Florida, along with one major river, the St. John’s River. Although the map is uncolored, it has slightly yellowed with age. Along with this, there are small markings in the center, upper right, & lower left sections of the map that have taken on a brownish appearance. The chart is also illustrated with the south being at the top & north being at the bottom, meaning that Florida is at the top while North Carolina is at the bottom. The chart has approximately 1 compass, in the lower central region, along with zoomed in areas of the Charleston Harbour in South Carolina, & the Saint James River in Virginia. An Analysis of the Chart The chart was illustrated in 1832 by Edmund March Blunt, an American cartographer, hydrographer, & bookseller, best known for his guide “The American Pilot”, which detailed every American port at the time of its publication in 1796. He is widely considered to be one of the most influential hydrographers of the 19th century in the United States. It was found by Maps of Antiquity, who restored it, cleaned it, framed it, & fixed its backing. This map was made in the United States, by Blunt’s cartographic office was based in Newburyport, Massachusetts. Newburyport is modernly in Essex County, approximately 35 miles northeast of Boston. The chart is fairly accurate for its time, although the harbour of Charleston, South Carolina, is different in modern day. It is unlikely to be part of any particular collection. The chart was made for civilian use, & was not intended to be used in strategic combat, or by the United States Military. As the map was produced in 1832, it was likely made using Lithography. Lithography is a method of printing that arose in the 1820s, & remained the most popular method of printing in both color & grayscale until the early 1930s, when more efficient methods became available. In the lithographic method, the artist will draw directly onto a printing surface, such as zinc or copper, until they are satisfied with the drawing. After this, the surface will be covered with a chemical etch, which will bond it to the surface. With this process, the blank areas will attract moisture to the plate & repel the lithographic ink, while the areas that are drawn on will hold the ink. Water is then wiped onto the unpainted areas to help prevent the ink from deviating. After the map is inked, the paper is laid over it & covered with a tympan, & the tympan is pressed down. Finally, these materials pass through the scraper bar of the litho press. Afterward, an exact copy of whatever was supposed to be printed is revealed. Directories / Credits All credit for this map analyzed today goes to Maps Of Antiquity, a wonderful New England map shop. To purchase this map, any other maps, or any other cartographic objects, please visit mapsofantiquity.com. To be clear, this is not an advertisement for Maps of Antiquity, as we do not have a partnership with them. Strategic Partnerships Reel Guppy Outdoors SharkedSkooler Marine Enthusiasts Podcast Cash Daniels Tides of Tomorrow Our Loyal Patrons P. R. Ochoa

In today’s article, we are going to discuss an Antique Nautical Chart of Tokyo Bay. This map comes courtesy of Maps Of Antiquity, an antique map shop in New England. Tokyo Bay is a bay located in Japan’s Southern Kanto Region, & is named after the city of Tokyo. The bay is very large, stretching to Tokyo in the North, & Yokosuka in the south. It is one of the largest industrial areas in all of Japan, & one of the most populous areas as well. In this article, we are going to delve into the contents of this map, its maker, & what it was made or originally used for. With that being said, let us delve into the serene waters of Tokyo Bay. The Chart An antique nautical chart of Greater Tokyo Bay from the Edo-era. Credit to Maps of Antiquity. This map spans the entire area of Tokyo Bay, as well as the Uraga Channel which connects the bay to the Pacific Ocean. It depicts various seaways both in the bay & near the bay. The bay is officially referred to as “Yedo” Bay on the map, as the name of the bay wasn’t changed to Tokyo Bay until the mid-nineteenth century, as Tokyo was referred to as Edo before that. Names of various coastal cities can be seen, such as Tokyo, spelled Tokio, in the North. The map is uncolored, & is a pristine white & grey color. It is incredibly accurate as well, only missing a few cities. There are 3 small compasses around the map, in the lower right corner, upper middle area, & central right area respectively. The chart is approximately 26 inches wide & 38.5 inches long. An Analysis of the Chart This map was made in 1889 by the British Admiralty. It was likely made in the mainland United Kingdom in a major city such as London, from data collected by British sailors in Japan. As it was made by the British Admiralty, it was likely used for militaristic purposes. Considering the time that it was made, it was likely made using Lithography. The lithographic method was one of the most popular map-making methods between the early 1820s, & the 1910s. In the lithographic method, the artist will draw directly onto a printing surface, such as zinc, or copper, until they are satisfied with the drawing. After this, the surface will be covered with a chemical etch, which will bond it to the surface. With this process, the blank areas will attract moisture to the plate & repel the lithographic ink, while the areas that are drawn on will hold the ink. Water is then wiped onto the unpainted areas to help prevent the ink from deviating. After the map wanted is inked, the paper is laid over it & covered with a tympan, & the tympan is pressed down. Finally, these materials pass through the scraper bar of the litho press. Afterward, an exact copy of whatever was supposed to be printed is revealed. Directories / Credits All credit for this map analyzed today goes to Maps Of Antiquity, a wonderful New England map shop. To purchase this map, any other maps, or any other cartographic objects, please visit mapsofantiquity.com. To be clear, this is not an advertisement for Maps Of Antiquity, as we do not have a partnership with them. Strategic Partnerships Reel Guppy Outdoors SharkedSkooler Marine Enthusiasts Podcast STEMScribe Tides of Tomorrow Our Loyal Patrons P. R. Ochoa

Today’s map is an antique map of Taiwan, & the Island of Luzon, The Philippines. Taiwan is a large island off the coast of China, in the northern Pacific Ocean, while the isle of Luzon is the largest island in the Philippine Archipelago, with the largest population of any Philippine isle. The chart spans a decent amount of land, covering approximately 800 miles of the Pacific Ocean. The map is in fair condition, apart from a stain near the upper right corner, a stain near the bottom of the map, as well as a few wrinkles & fold marks. In this article, we will discuss the map itself, the translation of certain sections of the map, & analyze this antique nautical map. With that being said let us delve into the Isles of Taiwan, & Luzon. The Chart An antique nautical chart of Taiwan & the Philippines. Due to the map being in English, there is no need for translation. The map spans covers 3 main areas, those being Taiwan, Luzon, & China’s Haitan Bay. Although the map is uncolored, it has yellowed with age. On the chart, there are the names of various islands & topographic features, with a few areas noted as “position doubtful”, or “uncertain or doubtful”. The chart proves to be fairly accurate, apart from the areas it declares as uncertain. The chart has approximately 8 different compasses in the Left, Right, & Central areas of the map, drawn on very lightly. An Analysis of the Chart This chart was designed & released in 1863, by the Scottish pair of Hydrographers James Imray & his son, James Frederick Imray. The map was created & published in London, as that is where the cartographic office of the Imray’s was located. This map was made available for purchase by Maps of Antiquity. It is unclear whether or not the map is a part of any particular collection of the Imray. The map was made for Civilian Use, & it is unlikely that it was used by any militaries or militia groups. Considering the makers of the chart & the time period, this map was likely made with Lithography. Lithography is a method of printing that arose in the 1820s, & remained the most popular method of printing until the early 1930s when more efficient methods became available. There are 2 main methods, with one of the methods remaining popular well into the modern day for producing large quantities of prints. In the common lithographic method of the time, the artist will draw directly onto a printing surface, such as zinc, or copper, until they are satisfied with the drawing. After this, the surface will be covered with a chemical etch, which will bond it to the surface. With this process, the blank areas will attract moisture to the plate & repel the lithographic ink, while the areas that are drawn on will hold the ink. Water is then wiped onto the unpainted areas to help prevent the ink from deviating. After the map wanted is inked, the paper is laid over it & covered with a tympan, & the tympan is pressed down. Finally, these materials pass through the scraper bar of the litho press. Afterward, an exact copy of whatever was supposed to be printed is revealed. Directories / Credits All credit for this map analyzed today goes to Maps Of Antiquity, a wonderful New England map shop. To purchase this map, any other maps, or any other cartographic objects, please visit mapsofantiquity.com. To be clear, this is not an advertisement for Maps Of Antiquity, as we do not have a partnership with them. Strategic Partnerships Reel Guppy Outdoors SharkedSkooler The Marine Enthusiasts Podcast STEMScribe Our Loyal Patrons P. R. Ochoa