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Todays article will discuss the oceans that surround the Caribbean island of Saint Lucia. From its closest point it is 186.04 Nautical/Marine miles (214.091009 miles or 344.54608 kilometers) from mainland Venezuela. It is also 1314.27 Nautical/Marine miles (1512.434905 miles or 2434.02804 kilometers) from mainland Florida. It exists in the Caribbean & is one of the safest Caribbean islands to visit. It has a beautiful a bustling ecosystem that is full of colour & many different strange species. Since it is in a tropical area & also it has many oceanic nutrients, it is incredibly appealing to many species for all sorts of purposes. This makes it incredibly biodiverse. It is in the lesser Antilles & is a part of the windward islands. Its oceans are tropical & rather warm giving it a lower oxygen concentration. In this article we will discuss the salinity, temperature, marine geography & terrain, the most important marine ecosystems, the documented marine flora & fauna, & the utilization of marine resources on the island. With that being said let us delve into the paradise isle of Saint Lucia. The Salinity, Temperature, Tides, Basic Information, & Marine Geography Of Saint Lucia Saint Lucia exists within the Atlantic ocean meaning that the salinity level is likely higher then in any other ocean. The island is located just south of the french island of Martinique & north of Saint Vincent. The actual salinity level has not been released to the public domain. However, it can be assumed that it is between 35.5 & 34.5 parts. The temperatures for Saint Lucia can be found on a variety of websites, however this is the simplest website to navigate https://www.surf-forecast.com. The tidal chart can also be found there. The waves usually never get over 3 feet (0.9144 meters) tall. In that website you may choose whether you would like to see the temperature chart for pigeon point or Commaret point. The deepest point within 5 Nautical/Marine miles (5.7539 miles or 9.26 kilometers) is 3,280.8 feet (999.744 meters) deep. There are not strong currents or any kind of harsh riptide around Saint Lucia. This makes it an ideal swimming & scuba diving area. Scuba diving & snorkelling are common recreational activities that are seen here. However it is advised to listen to any coast guard warnings that are put out at the time. It is also advised to avoid disturbing the marine life. Water pollution overall is not bad & is constantly being improved. There also have not been any oil spills off the coast of Saint Lucia in recent years. There is less then 1 square kilometer of area that is marine protected by Saint Lucia. It ranks 108 on the list of countries with marine protected areas. It is not clear how much of this countries ocean floor has been mapped or discovered. The bottom of the ocean usually consists of coral, clay, sand, rock, and / or mud. The Most Important Marine Ecosystems Of Saint Lucia Coral Reefs Coral reefed areas are found in many places around Saint Lucia. There are no specific large coral reefs however the southern side of the island has many coral reefs. This however, can cause negative affects such as dead coral washing up on beaches & causing injuries to animal species. These coral reefs are usually found anywhere from 5 feet deep to 40 feet deep. They are usually found off shore by a few hundred meters. However in certain areas they are found much closer to the shoreline. A factor as to why this might be is that any coral reefs within 100 meters of shoreline are protected by the Saint Lucian Government. Under that law, 44% of the Saint Lucian coast is designated as a coral reef & is protected. The overall health of these reefs are well. 30% of these reefs are in good condition meaning that resources are abundant & they do not require human interference. 35% of these reefs are are in fair condition & do not require human interference conservation wise, however may not fully recover if human impacts are not minimized. Finally, 35% of these reefs are in poor condition & may not recover if human impacts are not minimized & there is no human interference for conservation. Unfortunately, the actual species of these coral are not known. Underwater Caves Oceanic caves are quite common around Saint Lucia, with the most notable being Bat Cave. Many smaller organisms live in underwater caves then out in open ocean. An organism that often does this, is a sea cucumber. Larger animals are not often found here due to there being tight spaces & not enough food to support them. Seagrasses also do not often grow here. Many fish can be found perusing throughout these types of caves looking for food or other things. These caves are mainly found along the western & northwestern sides of the island. It is also important to note that these areas are occasionally not fully underwater & also have dry areas. Seagrass Beds There is no specific place that these types of ecosystems are found, this type of ecosystem is incredibly versatile. Many different types of vertebrates & invertebrates are found here. Usually smaller animals are found here, this makes this ecosystem extremely fragile. Usually, this is an area where animals such as sea horses give birth. It consists mostly of seagrass. The Documented Marine Flora Of Saint Lucia The overall Documented marine flora of Saint Lucia is incredibly diverse & colourful due to the high amount of nutrients in the ocean water. However this does not include seagrass. Many plants have been documented to do something very strange in the lesser Antilles, that thing is that they seem to all be migrating south. This may be due to over fishing or lack of nutrients however the real reason for this is unknown. Unfortunately, their is not very much seagrass diversity along Saint Lucia. There are 3 documented species of seagrass that are found along Saint Lucia. These species are known as Thalassia testudinum (Turtle Grass), Syringodium filiforme (Manatee Grass), & finally Halodule wrightii (Shoal Grass). They are found in an incredibly high concentration off the eastern coast compared to the western coast which they are found infrequently & when found are much smaller. This may be due to the western coast being less maintained then the eastern coast. They are highly diverse when it comes to algae species. Species from the algae genera of Avrainvillea, Udotea, Penicillus, Halimeda, Amphiroa, Sargussum, & Caulerpa can all be traced to Saint Lucian waters. There are not any current issues with invasive marine plant species. The Documented Marine Fauna Of Saint Lucia Many types of marine fauna enjoy Saint Lucia as a sanctuary for living & giving birth to their young. Saint Lucia’s oceans are often protected & there is increased fines for destruction of the oceanic areas. Many creatures migrated from South American areas towards the southern lesser Antilles. This may be a contributing factor as to why Saint Lucia has such extreme biodiversity. Unfortunately, we will not be discussing single celled creatures, bacteria, or amoeba. Saint Lucia appeals especially to marine mammals due to the fact that they can safely give birth to their young & mate in this area. Some of the most notable & important animals that live around Saint Lucia are listed as the following: Hippocampus Reidi (slender sea horse), frogfish of various species, Pomacanthus Paru (french angelfish), Bothus Mancus (peacock flounder), moray eels of various species, Equetus Punctatus (spotted drum), Cardisoma Carnifex (giant mangrove crab), parrotfish of various species, lion fish of various species, Mobula Birostros (giant oceanic manta ray), Dactyloptera Voltians (atlantic flying gurnard), damselfish of various species, Myrichthys Ocellatus (golden spotted eels), Carcharhinus Leucas (bull shark), Megaptera Novaeangliae (humpback whales), & Physeter Macrocephalus (sperm whales). How The Marine Resources Of Saint Lucia Were Utilized Saint Lucian resources have been utilized in many ways, however commercial fishing was the most common use throughout history & is the most common use modernly. Commercial fishing as taken place by domestic & international companies in Saint Lucian waters since the country itself existed. This is due to their large abundance of edible fish. This had long lasting negative affects on the marine ecosystems. From this & many other local extinctions, we can learn that marine resource utilization should have the long lasting factors thought about before it is conducted. Another way that the marine resources were used for purposes, is oil extraction. This also had strange & dangerous affects on the wildlife. Boating has also become rather popular & that has caused many issues for animals that live in what are now harbours. Directories / Credits https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/st-lucia https://www.climateandforests-undp.org/explore/caribbean/saint-lucia https://mpatlas.org/countries/list https://www.agrra.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/STL-Report-Card_2016_WebLowRes.pdf https://www.wri.org/data/shoreline-protected-coral-reefs-st-lucia https://sevenseasmedia.org/st-lucia-coral-spawning/ http://www.oas.org/reia/iwcam/pdf/St.%20Lucia/Chapter%203.PDF https://www.thegef.org/news/communities-innovate-address-sargassum-seaweed-coasts-saint-lucia Strategic Partnerships Reel Guppy Outdoors Our Loyal Patrons Ms. Ochoa ReplyForward

This month’s article series will be about… The island of Saint Lucia! It is its own country. From its closest point to the mainland it is 186.04 Nautical/Marine miles (214.091009 miles or 344.54608 kilometers) from mainland Venezuela. It is also 1314.27 Nautical/Marine miles (1512.434905 miles or 2434.02804 kilometers) from mainland Florida. It exists in the Caribbean & is one of the safest Caribbean islands to visit. It has a beautiful bustling ecosystem that is full of colour & many different strange species. Since it is in a tropical area & also it has many oceanic nutrients, it is incredibly appealing to many species for all sorts of purposes. This makes it incredibly biodiverse. One of the interesting species that are found here, is the slender sea horse. It is not found here for part of the year due to migration cycles, it does not live around Saint Lucia year-round. Some people even say that there is a sea horse mania due to the high concentration of them. In this article, we will discuss the life of the slender seahorse, the mating procedures, tactics, practices, & cycles of the slender sea horse, the distribution of the sea horse, & the scientific details of the sea horse. With that being said, let us delve into the slender sea horse of Saint Lucia. The Lives Of The Slender Sea Horse The Slender Sea Horse was discovered in 1933. It is unknown who exactly discovered it as it was described in a scientific report but the author did not clearly take credit for its discovery. Slender Sea Horses are usually a maximum height of 6.9 inches (17.526 centimeters) for both genders. They do not have an age where they reach maturity, but rather a height with that height being at 3.1 inches (7.874 Centimeters). They usually weigh between 7 ounces & 1 pound (0.198447 to 0.453592 kilograms), this does not change by gender. Its average life span is 2.5 years however this may change depending on the environment. Sea horses are incredibly socially smart & do often form emotional bonds & communicate with each other. They are incredibly social & often live in herds when captured, however they often do live in solitude in the wild. They do have some capacity for memory as they often remember humans who have taken care of them & they remember each other. They also form social hierarchies in herds. They also can form a trust for each other & humans. This species has existed for about 13 million years as those are our oldest fossils of them. Their diet usually consists of krill, copepods, plankton, fish larvae, & occasionally shrimp. Small marine crustaceans are also a common part of their diet. They will also consume any types of small edibles that are around them that they can consume. They are not cannibalistic in any capacity whatsoever. They will often eat up to 3000 pieces of food per day. This is not a result of an accelerated metabolism. The predators they encounter depend on the areas that they are in, however the most common ones for the Saint Lucia population are crabs, larger fish, sharks, & sting rays. Slender Sea Horses are not very territorial & will not fight over territory. Their territories that they do claim often overlap into each other. These territories are often at a size of 1,100 square feet (102.1933 square meters). They are not often aggressive to each other or to humans if left unprovoked. They are not endangered and are categorized as “Not Threatened” on the IUCN list. Besides mating, they often do not engage with other sea horses. They are often yellow brown, or white in colour. However they can be two-toned. A good way to identify them is that they have small black spots along their bodies that other sea horses do not have. The males have a smooth pouch & the females do not. Its head is horse-like & curves down, they also have a longer snout than other sea horse species. The Mating Procedures, Cycles, Tactics, & Practices Of The Slender Sea Horse Slender sea horses mate via sexual reproduction. They mate underwater via internal fertilization. They do not have a specific age, but rather a size that they reach sexual maturity at. That size is 3 inches long. They are not hermaphroditic. Seahorses are monogamous & will form emotional bonds with each other. They stay together for their entire lives after the initial courtship ritual. They have an interesting courtship ritual, in which the male may change colour & inflate his smooth pouch. This pouch is located at the base of his tail. The female & male will then perform a sort of dramatic dance around each other. In this dance they may flutter their fins, synchronize tail movements, & twirl around each other. It is not clear how long this dance is actually supposed to last, however, can last for up to a few days before they begin to mate. After this dance is performed the female will deposit her eggs into the male’s pouch. The female will use her ovipositor in order to do so. The male will then fertilize the eggs, there are usually about 1,600 eggs that will be deposited. However not all of these eggs will hatch or reach adulthood. These eggs are usually 1.2 millimeters (0.0472441 inches or 0.12 centimeters) in diameter. The eggs will take on average 2 weeks to hatch. However, it may take up to 30 days for the father to birth the juveniles. During this period the male will regulate the salinity level in his abdomen to the outside salinity in order to prepare the babies for the salinity once they are birthed. Once the male is ready to give birth to them, his abdomen will open & expel the juvenile seahorses into the ocean. These children will look almost identical to their parents as soon as they have been released. However, some may not be fully developed & still be curled up & covered in egg membrane. This will most likely not affect them later in life. It is not clear the exact percentage of how many of the eggs are actually fertilized & come out alive. It is also not clear what happens to the unfertilized eggs that don’t come out. After they are birthed, the father & mother will not continue to partake in the babies’ lives & will leave to have another group of children. After this, only 0.5% of the children will survive to adulthood to have their own children. It is not clear how many groups of children they will have per year. They also do not have a specific mating season. It is also not clear at what age they are most fertile. The Distribution Of The Slender Sea Horse Slender sea horses are found all throughout the Caribbean. They seem to prefer warmer waters as they are found in higher concentrations around the Caribbean, Brazil, & Venezuela. However, they are found as far north as Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. Another reason for them being in the tropics is that there is more flora to blend in with as their main means of defense is camouflage. They reproduce quickly, so this may be a reason why they are found in very many places. Food is also readily available in the tropics so that may be a contributing factor. They do have a bodily cooling system which gives them a bit of freedom when choosing an environment. They have shown signs of migrating further north so in the future we may have a different idea of what environment they prefer. The image above depicts a map of the distribution of Hippocampus Reidi. The Scientific Detailings Of The Slender Sea Horse The Slender Sea Horse is incredibly interesting for many reasons but the most well-known of them all is that the male gets pregnant & gives birth instead of the female. This is a trait that is only found in sea horses & sea dragons. This is due to an interesting attribute, the male has a pouch that the female releases her eggs into. In turn, the male fertilizes the eggs & once he is ready, an opening in his abdomen appears & through muscle contractions he pushes out the juveniles. This, however, is not the only specialized thing about them. They have specialized structures within their skin cells that are called chromatophores. This allows them to change colour in order to mimic their surroundings. They are able to do this seemingly at will. Sea horses lack teeth, instead having a long snout that they use to vacuum prey into their throats. This is why they can only consume very small edibles. They also lack a stomach & have an incredibly unique digestive tract which is only found in sea horses. The way that they digest is that their snout sucks the food in & it disintegrates as it goes through the snout. Due to this, they have to eat continuously to live or they will die of starvation. A sea horse’s anal fin is also on the front of the sea horse, it is near the torso of the sea horse. The male’s pouch so to speak, is just below the anal fin. The gills of the sea horse are located on the side of their head & are shaped like a circle. It is quite noticeable. Their tail is square in bone structure. Their skeleton is a bone structure of interlocking bones. If you look at a Slender Sea Horse’s entire body you will notice that all of it is built in a very similar way besides the skull. The image above depicts a sea horse skeleton replica. Their bones make them not very appealing to crabs as they cannot be gripped onto by crabs’ claws. Their anatomy makes it incredibly hard for them to swim at a fast pace. Their fins do not help with speed at all, and are mostly used by the sea horse to steer. After a long journey, they can die quickly of exhaustion. They also swim upright, unlike any other fish in the ocean. Occasionally, they will use their tail to wrap around seaweed or other types of flora. They have been captured by humans & are friendly towards humans. Sea horses all evolved from pipefish-like species. This can be seen due in that there is a present genome in them that is found in almost every pipefish species. Their phylum is Chordata meaning that they developed these 5 characteristics. All species under the phylum of Chordata develop 5 similar characteristics either in adulthood or as juveniles. The characteristics that they develop include a notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, endostyle or thyroid, pharyngeal Slits, & a post-anal tail. Their class is Actinopterygii, which means that they are ray-finned fish. This also means that their actinopterygian fin rays attach directly to the proximal or basal skeletal elements. Their order is Syngnathiformes. This is an order of ray-skinned fishes that includes trumpetfish & sea horses. A characteristic of being categorized under this order is that their bodies are narrow & surrounded by a series of bony rings. Another characteristic is their long tubular mouths. Their family is Syngathidae. This is a family of sea horses & pipefish. A characteristic of them is their elongated snout. Another characteristic is that they lack pelvic fins. Their genus is Hippocampus. A feature that is found in all of them is their bone structure leaves them in an upright position. Hippocampus is one of the genuses that make up the family of Syngathidae. Directories / References https://www.diveagainstdebris.org/blog/scuba-st-lucia/aug-06-16/seahorse-mania https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/discover-fish/species-profiles/hippocampus-reidi/ https://seahorse.com/topic/how-smart-are-these-creatures/ https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/fish/facts/seahorses https://www.theseahorsetrust.org/seahorse-facts/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4778478/ ThoughtCohttps://www.thoughtco.com › longs...Facts About the Longsnout or Slender Seahorse https://www.iucn-seahorse.org › iuc...Global IUCN Red List Assessments https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34331361/ https://www.scientificamerican.com/gallery/see-a-male-seahorse-give-birth/ https://www.seacoastsciencecenter.org/2016/06/19/seahorses-super-dads-sea/ https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/seahorse.html https://www.google.com/amp/s/poseidonsweb.com/seahorse-anatomy-differences-way-beyond-cute/amp/ Strategic Partnerships Reel Guppy Outdoors Our Loyal Patrons Ms. Ochoa

Today’s article is a part of a special collection, known as the Marine Hall Of Fame. Recently we have decided to publish the collection as the Marine Biological Hall Of Distinction. It is the exact same collection, however it is just under a separate name. In this special collection we will discuss marine biologists who we feel have served marine biology & oceanography the most. We do this in order to commemorate these marine biologists & to show gratitude for everything they have contributed to our oceans. This collection has no relation to the main months series. This series publishes on the 25th of every month, shortly after our article on the oceanic environment of a certain region on the 20th. Today’s Marine Biologist, is Eugenie Clark, best known as The Shark Lady. She is best known for her study of shark species, & her pioneering research in the Scuba Diving field. She was one of the first ichthyologists of her time, as well as one of the first people to promote conservation of marine ecosystems. She popularized the study of ichthyology, & popularized the image of sharks. In this article we will discuss Clark’s Early Life & Education, Clark’s Later Life & Career, & Finally Clark’s Awards, Honours, Achievements, & Accomplishments. With that being said let us delve into the life of Eugenie Clark. Eugenie Clark’s Early Life & Education Eugenie Clark was born on May 4th of 1922, in New York City, New York. When she was young, she was often taken to the New York Aquarium, which she says inspired her passion for ichthyology. Not only this, but she learned to swim at age 2, which made her more curious about oceanic life. Additionally, she is of Japanese descent, & the ocean plays a significant role in Japanese culture. It is unknown whether or not this impacted her interest in any particular way. Unfortunately, her father died before she reached aged 2. Afterwards, her mother remarried a Japanese restaurant owner. She got her elementary education from a local school in Woodside, Queens, & got her secondary education from William Cullen Bryant High School, also in Queens. William Cullen Bryant High School is located at 48-10 31st Avenue, Astoria, New York, 11103. Clark has also mentioned that she was greatly inspired by the works of Charles William Beebe, a researcher of marine biology. Eugenie Clark’s Later Life & Career Determined to study marine life, Clark worked to pay her way through university. She earned her bachelor’s degree from Hunter College in 1942, studying the puffing mechanics of blowfish. After this, she applied to the graduate program at Columbia University, but she was rejected by the department chairman as they were concerned that she would leave her career in science to have a family. After this, she applied at New York University, where she would earn her Masters Degree from New York University in 1946. While attending New York University, she worked as a chemist for a plastics company to earn extra income. The same year that she graduated from Hunter College, she would marry her first husband Jideo Umaki. She would remain married to him until 1947 when they would get divorced. After going on a graduate research trip in the southern pacific, she became employed at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography in 1946. At this institution she learned how to scuba dive properly, which would greatly benefit her throughout her career. She would remain employed here until 1947, when she was asked by the United States Fish & Wildlife Service to study the sea life of a certain area of the Philippines. Unfortunately, due to her being of Japanese descent, she was detained by the Federal Bureau of Investigation & could not go. After this in 1948, she worked at the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole, Massachusetts. Then after leaving her job at Woods Hole in 1948, she became a staff member at the American Museum Of Natural History, New York, where she would work until 1966. In the year of 1949 she would be asked by the Office of Naval Research to collect & identify certain poisonous species of fish in the South Seas. It was here she learned how to free dive, an important skill that would be useful later on in her life. In 1950, she would marry her second husband Ilias Themistokles Konstantinu, to who she would remain married until 1967. Also in 1950, she would earn her doctorate in zoology studying swordtails, which just so happened to be the fish she kept in her home aquariums in her adolescence. In 1951, she conducted research in the Red Sea from the Al-Ghardaqah Marine Biological Station located in Egypt. She earned her Doctoral Degree in 1950 from New York University from her research on the subject of live bearing reproduction in the platy fish & swordfish. She was also the first person to conduct artificial insemination experiments on fish that were successful. In 1953, she wrote her first memoir called “Lady With The Spear”. In the year 1955, using funding from William H. Vanderbilt, she founded the Cape Haze Marine Laboratory in Placida, Florida. This laboratory, was first only founded in a single room. She founded it with an assistant, who was a fisherman. This lab went on to have six campuses, 24 research programs, & 200 staff on all 7 continents in the modern day. It was later moved to Siesta Key in 1960, & Sarasota in 1967. Also in 1967, she married her third husband Chandler Brossand, who she would remain married to until 1969 when they would divorce. In that same year of 1967, the laboratory was renamed “Mote Marine Labratory”. In the year 1955, a cancer researcher asked Clark to capture some sharks so their livers could be studied, which led to the creation of a pen for live sharks in the lab. In 1958, Clark conducted various research studies in order to see if sharks could be trained, as well as how intelligent they were. While conducting these experiments, she taught lemon sharks & a few other species how to push buttons for food. This destroyed the stereotype that sharks lacked intelligence. Henceforth, Clark would advocate for conservation of sharks, & would work to dispel the notion that sharks are dangerous animals. She would go on to become a faculty member of the University Of Maryland in 1968. In 1970, she would marry her fourth husband Igor Klatzo, who she would divorce that same year. She became a full professor at the University of Maryland in the year 1973, then became professor emeritus in 1992. Soon after becoming a faculty member, she wrote her second memoir “The Lady & The Sharks” in 1969. Clark would continue to make frequent expeditions to the Red Sea, & various other places even after becoming emeritus. It is on these trips that she discovered the Trichonotus nikii which is a species of sand diving fish found in the Red Sea. She named it after her son, Nikolas. She would also discover the Pardachirus marmoratus or the “Red Sea Moses Sole”, which produces a natural repellent of sharks. In 1991, she would co-author the children’s book “The Desert beneath the Sea”, this book would mainly entail her adventures along the sandy sea floor of the Red Sea. She married her fifth husband Henry Yoshinobu Kon in 1997, to whom she would remain married until his suicide in the year 2000. She fully retired from teaching in any capacity in 1999. She returned back to the laboratory she had built in 2000 as a Senior Scientist & Director Emerita, & later went on to become a trustee. Clark would often contribute columns & articles to the National Geographic magazine. Along with all this, Clark is widely credited with discovering the fact that certain sharks don’t need to swim to breathe. Clark would go on to take her last dive in 2014. She passed away on February 15th of 2015, due to complications with lung cancer at the age of 92. At the time of her death, her latest research was still in review for publish. She was survived by her 4 children Hera Papakonstantinou, Aya Papakonstantinou, Themistokles Alexander Papakonstantinou, & Nikolas Masatomo Papakonstantinou. Eugenie Clark’s Awards, Honourables, Achievements, & Accomplishments 1. Clark conducted over 200 field research missions over the course of her career. 2. She authored a staggering total of 175 scientific articles. 3. She was the recipient of 3 Doctoral Degrees in Science from various institutions. 4. She won the Gold Medal Award of the Society of Women Geographers. 5. She also won the President's Medal of the University of Maryland, where she worked for many years. 6. She conducted a total of 72 dives for research purposes over the course of her life. 7. She authored a total of 3 books, & was the subject of countless others. 8. She has an award named after her from the “Save Our Seas Foundation.” 9. She Founded the Mote Marine Laboratory in Placida, Florida. Directories / Credits 1. “Dr. Eugenie Clark (1922-2015)”, Written by Unknown & Published on an Unknown date. Published by the National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration. Retrieval Date: May 31st, 2023. https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/news/may15/eugenie-clark.html 1. ”Eugenie Clark”, Written by Unknown, originally Published on July 20th of 1998, last updated April 30th of 2023. Published by the Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieval Date: May 31st, 2023. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Eugenie-Clark 1. “Remembering Mote’s “Shark Lady”: The Life and Legacy of Dr. Eugenie Clark” Published March 15th, 2015, Written by Hayley Rutger. Published by the Mote Marine Laboratory. Retrieval Date May 31st, 2023. https://mote.org/news/article/remembering-the-shark-lady-the-life-and-legacy-of-dr.-eugenie-clark 1. “Eugenie Clark Award”, Written by Unknown, Published on the 14th of August 2015. Published by the Save Our Seas Foundation. Retrieval Date: May 31st, 2023. https://saveourseas.com/eugenie-clark-award/ Strategic Partnerships Reel Guppy Outdoors Our Loyal Patrons Ms. Paloma Rodriguez Ochoa

This article is a part of our second newsletter titled, The Persaud Catalogue Scientific Journal of Marine Biology. In this journal, we will publish information concerning the various marine flora & fauna of certain places. This newsletter, will publish sporadically, & not on a timed basis like The Persaud Catalog. This journal is in affiliation with The Persaud Catalog, however it is a separate entity. In this article, we will state all of the most prominent species of Marine Flora in Malibu Lagoon that were found. We will state the density of these species, the place where it was found the most, & a detailed description of the species. Please note, this was done with the correct permits, do not attempt to imitate this survey without being aware of the permits necessary to do so. On June 17th of 2023, we sent 2 field agents to Ranchos Palos Verdes Beach. On the beach, We did a survey of all the seagrasses & seaweeds that washed up on shore. We have took the coordinates & a sample of certain of these species, in order to study them. They have collected samples of the seaweed species that were found along the beach. We got in total, 6 samples of seagrasses from the beach. In this article, we will publish the results of examination of these seagrasses, & due to this article being public, it will make an official public log of all the seagrasses along that beach. To be clear, this is a survey that will only be conducted once, & not yearly like the Malibu surveys. This survey is a stand alone study. With that being said, let us delve into the seagrasses of Ranchos Palos Verdes Beach. The Initial Survey Of Ranchos Palos Verdes Beach Under this category, will be all of the compiled list of all of the species that were found along the beach. All of our specimens were taken at approximately 6:30 PM on June 17th, 2023. This was closer to high tide then to low tide, as the high tide of the day was at 9:17 PM. This may influence the results as we may have more seaweed samples then we would at say low tide. Below is the list of all samples of seaweed found at Ranchos Palos Verdes. Specimen 1: Chondrus Crispus (Carrageen Moss / Irish Moss ) We found the species Chondrus Crispus growing abundantly along the beach. This species is also known as Irish Moss, or Carrageen Moss. The beach is rather rocky, which makes conditions very comfortable for this species to grow. We found this specimen at the coordinates of 33°43’44” North 118°21’9” West or 250° West . Our Specimen measured at 16.9 centimeters (6.653543 inches). Usually in this species each plant grow to at minimum 20 centimeters. meaning it is This specimen was a deep wine red colour, meaning it was most likely in it was healthy, & had not been exposed on the beach for very long. Carrageen moss will turn brown in the winter, however since summer solstice in California is the 22nd of June, this moss had been in the spring & early summer heat for quite some time. Irish moss will usually have branches 2 millimeters to 15 millimeters thick, however our specimen was somewhat small so it was at a lower thickness. This species was the most prominent by far along the beach, as you quite clearly could not walk more then 10 feet without seeing or stepping on Carrageen Moss. This species grows most commonly in the intertidal zone along the beach, & as deep as the oceanic floor. Carrageen moss is also deep purple in colour. This species is found practically everywhere on the beach except for the Rocky Areas. Specimen 2: Unidentified White Seagrass Species We found this strange specimen along the sandy portion of the beach, far from the rocky portion of the beach. It seemed to be the only specimen of its species along the beach. We found this species at coordinates 33°43’44” North 118°21’9” West or 294° North West. Our specimen for this species measured at approximately 6.5 inches long (16.51 centimeters). It seems to have a main root part that connects all of its leaves, that is attached to the bottom of the specimen. This species seemed to be in the highest density on the north central most area on the beach. Specimen 3: Callophyllis We found this specimen very close by the place where the white specimen. It was tangled in a large mat of Carrageen Moss. We found this specimen at the coordinates 33°43’44” North 118°21’9” West or 297° North West. Our specimen of this species measured at approximately 5.25 inches (13.335 centimeters) long. We narrowed it down to the genus of Callophyllis, however we could not figure out exactly which species it was. There are approximately 55 species under this genus, making it extremely hard to determine which exactly it was. Our specimen was a light red colour, & not very pigmented at all. When held up to the light, the tips are translucent. Additionally the branches of this species seemed to have some kind of bacteria growing on it, as when held up to the light, there seemed to be large dots on the branches. This could also just be a pigmentation issue. This genus is characterized by its red, disco looking seagrasses. Out of all the species on this list, it seemed to be the third least common on the beach. Specimen 4: Corallina Officinalis (Common Coraline) We found this specimen clumped in the same mat as the specimen of Ulva Lactuca. These 2 specimens were found at 33°43’44” North 118°21’9” West or 333° North West. Our specimen of this species measured at 5.25 inches (13.335 centimeters) long. This species seemed to have one central stem, & have a small appendages growing off of all of the sides. This species is also rather fluffy, & calcareous. Out of all the species on that beach this species seemed to be the second most commonly found. Common Coraline grows primarily in the rocky & intertidal zones, but strangely enough washes up the most on the beach & not on the rocks or in-between them. This species is certainly very recognizable as it is a deep purple colour, similar to that of Carrageen Moss. This species is found on the highest density on the sandy most parts of the beach, & is virtually nonexistent on the rocky areas of the beach. Specimen 5: Ulva Lactuca (Sea Lettuce) We found this specimen clumped in the same mat as the Purple Seagrass. These 2 specimens were found at 33°43’44” North 118°21’9” West or 333° North West. Our specimen of this species measured at approximately 13 inches long. It seems, that we found just the leaf portion of this species. Our specimen does not seem to have a stem, fruit, root, or anything of the like. This is most certainly just the leaf of whichever species it belongs to. Ulva Lactuca has thin, flat, long, wide leaves that are extremely recognizable. This species is also a deep neon green colour, however it can also appear a regular ivy green. This species, along with Zostera Marina, is the one of more uncommon of all the seagrasses on this list. More specifically, it is the second most uncommon of all of the species. This species grows most commonly on rocks, & in intertidal zones. This species seems to be in the highest density on the central most side of the beach. Specimen 6: Zostera Marina (Common Eelgrass / Seawrack) We found our specimen of Zostera Marina at the coordinates 33°43’44” North 118°21’10”, or 314° North West. This species is not found as frequently on the beach as all of the other species on this list. It was found towards the center of the beach, further away from all other major mats of seagrass. Zostera Marina always tends to grow to massive lengths, but we found an especially small specimen. The longest part of specimen for this species measured at 45 inches long (114.3 centimeters). Though, this specific was discovered in a large mat, so many of its tendrils broke off from the main root. This makes it difficult to determine the real length that the unbroken specimen is supposed to be. This species & Ulva Lactuca, seem to be the least common along Ranchos Palos Verdes Beach. This species is extremely easy to identify as it is long, thin, & green. It is by far the the longest species found on Ranchos Palos Verdes Beach. It seems to be found in the highest density towards the central most areas of the beach. Strategic Partnerships Reel Guppy Outdoors Our Loyal Patrons Ms. Paloma Rodriguez Ochoa

On June 20th of 2022, The Persaud Catalog published its first article. This article discussed the Gulf of Catalina, & the formatting of it was wildly different from the modern format that all current articles have. At the beginning, we only published 3 articles a month, & didn’t cover as much information as we do now. We have come a long way, & we would not have made it without all of our dear readers. In celebration of our anniversary with all of you, we offer a promotion to have all memberships 10 percent off until August 23rd. If you choose to get a membership with our nonprofit from now to August 23rd, then you will get 10 percent off your membership if you choose the annual payment option. To get a membership please visit the page on our website titled “Membership Application”. This application can be filled out on mobile or on computer. Once you fill out this application, you will be emailed an invoice, & a code of conduct form to sign. Thank you all, & we hope to have many more years like this. Strategic Partnerships Reel Guppy Outdoors Our Loyal Patrons Ms. Paloma Rodriguez Ochoa

This article is not a part of the main monthly series or anything of that nature. This is an announcement, announcing the launching of a new series for The Persaud Catalog. This series will be titled “Ode To Oceanography” & it will analyze nautical maps. Specifically, historical nautical maps made on paper. This new series will publish on the 15th of every month as of now. What will happen in each article is that, we will find a historical nautical map & then analyze how it was made, which islands it includes, which islands were overlooked, & who it was made by. These articles will be full length, & will be between 1,000 & 3,000 words long. To clarify, this will be an article series within The Persaud Catalog, & not an entirely new newsletter like The Persaud Catalogue: Scientific Journal Of Marine Biology. This article will have little to do with the main monthly series, though occasionally these articles may be analyzing maps in the same place as the monthly articles. When these specific articles are published, they will be differentiated between other articles by their title saying “Ode To Oceanography” in it. The first article for this series will be published on the 15th of July, 2023. It will then repeat & publish on the 15th of every month for eternity. When the first article is published, more information will be released. For now, this is all the information pertaining to the new series. Strategic Partnerships Reel Guppy Outdoors Our Loyal Patrons Ms. Paloma Rodriguez Ochoa

Today’s article is a part of a special collection, known as the Marine Hall Of Fame. Recently we have decided to publish the collection as the Marine Biological Hall Of Distinction. It is the exact same collection, however it is just under a separate name. In this special collection we will discuss marine biologists who we feel have served marine biology & oceanography the most. We do this in order to commemorate these marine biologists & to show gratitude for everything they have contributed to our oceans. This collection has no relation to the main month’s series. This series publishes on the 25th of every month, shortly after our article on the oceanic environment of a certain region on the 20th. Today’s marine biologist, is Hans Heinrich Romulus Hass, an Austrian pioneer in diving & marine biologist. He is most well-known for his work in underwater film, which he made an industry. His wife Lotte Hass, was an actor so this helped his films greatly. He has written 32 books in total as well. In this article we will discuss the Early Life & Education of Hans Heinrich Romulus Hass, the Later Life & Career of Hans Heinrich Romulus Hass, & finally, his awards, honours, achievements, & accomplishments Of Hans Heinrich Romulus Hass. With that being said, let us delve into the father of underwater film. The Early Life & Education Of Hans Heinrich Romulus Hass Hans Heinrich Romulus Hass was born on January 23rd of 1919. He was born in the city of Vienna, Austria, where he was born to an attorney as a father. This influenced him to pursue law as a career originally. It seems that as a child, he had little to no interest in marine biology or underwater film. Little is known about his childhood, & unfortunately the details of his early education are unclear. It seems, he had his first encounter with underwater photography & hunting at the age of 19 on a vacation to the Riveria. On this vacation at the Riveria, he met the American Diver & Pilot, Guy Gilpatric. They both dived together at the Riveria & took photographs of their diving expedition. This is where he had his first encounter with underwater film. He published his first book, titled “Diving to Adventure” in the year 1939, which was full of photographs from this trip. The Later Life & Career Of Hans Heinrich Romulus Hass At the age of 19, Hans made his first expedition to the Caribbean Sea, which led to him writing his first professional article in 1938. In the year 1940, he officially changed from studying law to studying Zoology. Now, Hans Suffered from Raynauds Disease, which causes blocks in your blood flow in small arteries. This gave him a chance to be excused from the German Military in 1942, which he was. In 1942 he bought the sailing ship Seeteufel & was going to use it for an expedition through the Mediterranean Sea. Unfortunately, he was unable to go on this Mediterranean expedition, due to World War 2 being in full force. After abandoning that plan, he rented a sailing ship in Piraeus, Greece. Using this vessel he sailed through the Aegan Sea for a few months, as well as the Sea of Crete. In the spring & summer of 1943, he spent his time in the Stazione Zoologica in both Naples & the Island of Capri. While here he collected bryozoans for his thesis. Later on in the year 1944, he finished his thesis & graduated with a Ph.D in Biology from the University of Berlin. Soon after in 1945, he married his first wife Mrs. Hannelore Schroth, a German actress. With her he had his first son, Hans Hass Junior, who was born in the year 1946. Unfortunately, their marriage didn’t last, & they divorced after only 5 years in 1950. Also in 1950, he married his second wife Lotte Hass, who was also a German actress & underwater diver. With her had a daughter, Meta Hass. With her, he made many of his underwater films. During Hans’s life he was known as the rival of the French scientist, Jacques Cousteau, as Hans believed that Cousteau would only acknowledge himself, & never others’ achievements. Unfortunately, on June 16th of 2013 in the Austrian city of Vienna, Hans passed away at the age of 94. He was survived by his wife Lotte Hass, & his daughter Meta Hass. The Awards, Honours, Achievements, & Accomplishments Of Hans Heinrich Romulus Hass 1. He photographed all pictures in, authored, & published “Diving to Adventure” Circa 1939. 2. He is credited as the director for 10 films, the writer for 7 films, & the cinematographer for 6 films. 3. He won the Romy Television Award at the Romy Gala in 2012. 4. Hans claimed to be the first diver to use proper oxygen delivery equipment, which revolutionized diving as we know it. 5. He is credited with being an inventor or the inventor of underwater cameras. 6. He wrote, photographed photographs for, & published a total of 32 books. Directories / Credits “Hans Hass, Early Undersea Explorer, Dies at 94”, Written By Paul Vietello, July 3rd 2013. Published by the New York Times. Retrieval Date: May 24th, 2023. https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/04/science/earth/hans-hass-early-undersea-explorer-dies-at-94.html “Whose Wednesday: Hans Hass” Written by Piter Kehoma Boll, Published at an unknown date. Published by the Earthling Nature Blog. Retrieval Date: May 24th, 2023. https://earthlingnature.wordpress.com/2019/01/23/whose-wednesday-hans-hass/ “Hans Hass”, Written by unknown, & published on an unknown date. Published by Imdb. Retrieval Date: May 24th, 2023. https://m.imdb.com/name/nm0351946/ “Hans Heinrich Romulus Hass”, Written by unknown, & published on an unknown date. Published by the Equator Journal. Retrieval Date: May 24th, 2023. https://equatorjournal.com/post/619205569164787712/hans-heinrich-romulus-hass-1950-hans-heinrich/amp Strategic Partnerships Reel Guppy Outdoors Our Loyal Patrons Ms. Paloma Rodriguez Ochoa

The Oceans Surrounding Ostend Beach, Belgium Today's article will discuss the oceans surrounding Ostend Beach, Belgium. Ostend Beach is in the northern area of Belgium. It is touching the southern area of the North Sea. It is on the mainland & is not an island. Ostend Beach is specifically part of the town known as Ostend. For the historical part of this month’s series, the history of the town will be studied instead of the beach itself. Ostend is approximately 61.66 miles from (70.957061 miles or 114.19432 kilometers) from the island of Great Britain. The actual name of the city is Oostende. This translates from German into English as “East End”. This is a bit confusing as Ostend Beach is in the northeastern area of Belgium. The German-speaking population of Belgium is in the western area, not the area where Ostend Beach is. This leads many to wonder how the town was named. It is currently considered to be one of the most beautiful beaches in all of Belgium. It is also one of the most well-known beaches in Belgium because of how beautiful it is & active marine life. Many recreational activities take place around this area such as swimming, boating, & fishing. There are many cetaceans that live in this area because they do not have much competition. Many other fish or competitors for food are not found in this area, which led to a large amount of porpoises, dolphins, & whales. There are currently no known endemic marine animals to Oostende, Belgium at this time. Thanks to the warm water currents of Belgium, coral could theoretically survive there. Coral reefs have yet to be discovered in Belgian waters. In this article, we will discuss the salinity, temperature, marine geography & terrain, the most important marine ecosystems, the documented marine flora & fauna, & the utilization of marine resources of Ostend, Belgium. With that being said, let us delve into the most scenic & majestic areas of Belgium. The Salinity, Tides, Temperatures, Marine Geography, & Basic Information Of Ostend Beach The Salinity of Belgium has been documented as being between 34 & 35.5 parts per thousand. Since the town is in the Atlantic, it will most likely have a higher salinity than say the Pacific Ocean or the Indian Ocean. Salt deposits / Brine Pools may be more common around the island due to the higher salinity. However, the existence of brine pools around the town has not been proven. The salinity levels of the Atlantic Ocean at any given time are between 35.5 & 34.5 parts per thousand. Salinity is measured in 1,000 grams of water. For every 1000 grams of water, there will be a certain number of grams that are pure salt. This is how salinity or saline level is measured. There are also no ongoing factors that would lead to the salinity level being altered. The oceanic temperature of the waters surrounding Oostende can be found on a plethora of webpages, but the most user-friendly is https://seatemperature.net , Surf-forecast.comhttps://www.surf-forecast.com , SeaTemperatu.rehttps://www.seatemperatu.re , & finally WaterTemperature.orghttps://www.watertemperature.org . The lowest temperatures are usually between 45° & 40° Fahrenheit (7.22222° to 4.44444° Celsius). The tidal charts can also be found on a few of these websites. The tides usually never get over 5.955792 meters (19.54 feet) high. The surf is not dangerously high & there is not much riptide. There are a few currents surrounding the beach area, however, they are more than a mile off the coast. Recreational activities such as fishing are increasingly popular. Individual boating does not seem to be very common however it takes place. Swimming is also common, however, it is only permitted in certain areas of the beach. The oceanic floor of the areas around Oostende usually consists of rock, sand, or seagrass. Seamounts are not common & the land is usually flat at the bottom. The deepest oceanic point within 5 Nautical / Marine miles (5.7539 miles or 9.26 kilometers). Water pollution is also not an issue & the water is perfectly safe to swim in, the only concern would be the temperature of the water being so cold. There are currently 23 marine protected areas around Belgium, the largest of which takes up approximately 34% of Belgium enter the oceanic area. The Most Prominent Marine Ecosystems Of Ostend Beach Belgium Seagrass Meadows The seagrasses around Belgium are in abundance & often form large meadows around the coast. The main species of seagrasses that are present are Zostera marina & Zostera noltii. Zostera Noltii is more commonly found & is more present, this may be due to the nutrients that are necessary for these 2 seagrasses to grow & there being a deficiency in some of the said nutrients. This ecosystem is often used as a nursery, hunting ground, & breeding ground. It is extremely fragile as this is usually where the smaller animals will reside. These seagrasses are in abundance & often embellish the coastlines. Tidal Marshes Sometimes the seagrasses will grow extremely close to the shoreline which creates a type of tidal marsh. These areas usually are not permanent due to humans trampling the seagrass. These areas usually have many different types of crustaceans. Usually, the type of grass that will compose this area is the Zostera marina (seawrack). The Documented Marine Flora Of Ostend Beach There are 2 species of seagrass documented in this specific area of Belgium, they are known as Zostera noltii (dwarf eelgrass) & Zostera marina (common eelgrass). Zostera Marina is found as deep as 2 meters (6.56168 feet) & makes up the majority of tidal marshes & shallow seagrass meadows. It is found as shallow as -12 meters. Zostera Noltii is the second species & it is found in deep areas. It usually is also not found strongly along the coastline. It is not found in tidal zones either. There are algae species in this area of Belgium however they are mostly unrecorded. However, Brown algae & Red algae have both been discovered in this area. The Documented Marine Fauna Of Ostend Beach There are many different species of marine fauna which are found throughout Belgium. Though Belgium has the shortest coast of any country that touches the north sea, it still has much biodiversity. For the purposes of this article, we will not be discussing any types of plankton that exist in the area or water birds. Plankton species are extremely common in this area, however, they have yet to be identified by individual species. Many species that are able to survive in this area usually have large amounts of fat on their body so that they will not freeze to death. These 2 factors may contribute to the reason as to why so many baleen whales are found in the area. Now the most prominent marine species recorded around Ostend are as fallows: Phocena Phocena (harbour porpoise), Halichoerus grypus (Atlantic grey seal), Phoca Vitulina (harbour seal), Balaenoptera acutorostrata (northern minke whale), Tursiops truncantus (common bottlenose dolphin), Cyprinus carpio (Eurasian carp), Perca fluviatilis (European perch), Sander lucioperca (Zander), Salmo Trutta (brown trout), Anguilla Anguilla (European eel), Esox lucius (northern pike), Chondrostroma nasus (Common nase / sneep ), Salmo salar (Atlantic salmon), & finally Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout). How The Marine Resources Of Ostend Beach Were Utilized & How That Affected The Environment Oftentimes, the waters of Belgium were used for commercial fishing. Fishermen would primarily fish for trout & Atlantic salmon however occasionally they could have fished for other species as well. Personal fishing is also incredibly common. Ecotourism is also a popular activity that takes place in Belgian waters due to there being a large population of cetaceans. Usually, ecotourism in Belgium is ethical & does not harm the environment but sometimes it can negatively affect the environment. However it usually positively affects the environment because the ecotourists' money usually goes into maintaining the environment. Marine research is also common & several European marine laboratories are located along Belgium's coastline. Directories / Credits https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10085385/ ttps://mpatlas.org/countries/BEL marine.ucsc.eduhttps://marine.ucsc.edu › target › tar...Zostera | MARINe https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=495082 https://www.naturalsciences.be/en/news/item/21440/ https://www.marinespecies.org/berms/ http://www.marinemammals.be/ Strategic Partnerships Reel Guppy Outdoors Our Loyal Patrons Ms. Ochoa

The Persaud Catalogue: Scientific Journal Of Marine Biology: Survey 1, Malibu Lagoon. This is the first article published in our newest newsletter titled, “The Persaud Catalogue: Scientific Journal Of Marine Biology”. In this journal, we will publish information concerning the various marine flora & fauna of certain places. This newsletter will publish sporadically, & not on a timed basis like The Persaud Catalog. This journal is affiliation with The Persaud Catalog, however, it is a separate entity. On May 13th, we have sent 3 field agents out to Malibu to collect information about the marine plants in Malibu Lagoon. They collected samples of the seaweed species that were found, & these samples were studied. In this article, we will state all of the most prominent species of Marine Flora in Malibu Lagoon that were found. We will state the density of these species, the place where it was found the most, & a detailed description of the species. Please note, this was done with the correct permits, do not attempt to imitate this survey without being aware of the permits necessary to do so. This is the first survey of 5 surveys in Malibu Lagoon that will be taken over the next 5 years. In the month of May, from 2023 to 2027, we will document all of the seagrasses we are able to find. This is the first surveying project of The Persaud Catalogue: Scientific Journal Of Marine Biology. At the end of the 5 year period, we will compile the results & published a finalized document. The First Initial Survey Of Malibu Lagoon, & Malibu Lagoon State Beach During the Initial Survey, we found there were 4 predominant species of seaweed along Malibu Lagoon. To be clear, all of our specimens were taken at 5:00 PM during the month of May, & some of these seagrasses are only found during certain months. We will conduct another survey on May 13th of 2024, & continue until May 2027. Zostera Marina (Common Eelgrass / Seawrack) We found our specimens of Zostera Marina on the Northern Side of the Malibu State Beach & nearby the area where the Malibu Lagoon meets the Pacific Ocean. We found 2 specimens, however, there were more specimens of this species dotted along the beach, the reason we did not take them is because there were various Marine Fauna nearby them, & we could not disturb them. Specimen No. 1 of this species is 6 feet & 11 inches (210.82 centimeters) long. This is rather unusual for Eelgrass in this area, as that usually only grows to be 3 to 4 feet (0.9144 to 1.2192 meters) in Malibu. Specimen No. 2 of this species is approximately 1 foot & 10 inches (55.88 centimeters) long. Both specimens were found wrapped around a little bunch of mussels, & were wrapped around another species of seagrass. This species is the second most prominent in the lagoon, & is most commonly found wrapped around bunches of mussels. There are so many bunches of mussels, that it can be found very commonly in the north end of the lagoon & beach because of how many mussels there are. It is in the highest density on the northern end of the lagoon because of this. Inside of the lagoon, it is not found very much though. This plant is rather easy to identify as it is extremely long, thin & green. It differs from the typical Devil Weed that is seen the most on California Beaches. It is between 1 & 1.2 centimeters (0.393701 & 0.472441 inches) wide & it can grow between 3 & 7.2 feet (0.9144 to 2.19456 meters in length. At its base, it can be found with a white-coloured stem. This species is most commonly found growing in the shallow marshes of Malibu Lagoon. Sargassum horneri (Devil Weed) We found 1 specimen of this species along the beach that was suitable for this purpose. This species was the most prominent & was found all over the beach, so much so that you physically couldn’t walk more than 15 feet without stepping near or on this algae. Our specimen for this, was 23.4252 inches (59.5 centimeters) long. This species is usually the most prominent along the majority of Southern California Beaches. It has invaded the California Coastline, to the point where it is obstructing foot traffic along some beaches. It is not very common inside the Lagoon. This species arrived in the United States via a cargo shipment from Japan into the Long Beach harbour in the year 2003. This species of seagrass is brown, & it has little berries along it. This type of seagrass does not grow on the bottom of the sea like Seawrack, instead, it grows in one large pile floating on the surface of the water. This is why it is so easy for lots of Devil Weed to wash up along the shoreline at once. Lithothrix Aspergillum (Stone Hair) Our specimen of this species measured was 14 centimeters. This species of seaweed does not have a common name that is widely used, so it is extremely hard to find. Occasionally, it can be called “Stone Hair”. Our specimen of this species was found on the northern end of the Malibu Lagoon State Beach, along with the other 2 specimens listed thus far. It is spongey looking, & it is rather purple. It can appear to look a bit less purple at times, & lean more towards a bleached pink colour. This species of algae will often be found settling in the tide pools of the Lagoon & settling on the rocks around the beach. Unidentified Orange Algae Species Our specimen for this species was 14 centimeters. We found some orange algae along the Malibu Lagoon State Beach, however, we could not identify its species. It does not look like anything that should be along the California Coast. This species was found along the central portion of Malibu State Beach. Our Conclusion Our Final Conclusion, is that there are a total of 4 prominent species of seagrass & seaweed in Malibu Lagoon. There tend to be more seagrass specimens during low tide, which is why to conduct a survey like this you should conduct the survey at the time when the tide is lowest. The number of seagrass & seaweed may increase, or decrease by the next annual Survey. Strategic Partnerships Reel Guppy Outdoors Our Loyal Patrons Ms. Paloma Rodriguez Ochoa

El artículo de este mes es de Svalbard. Svalbard es un archipiélago cerca del Polo Norte. Actualmente pertenece al país de Noruega. Estáaproximadamente a 366,83 millas (422,140425 o 697,36916 kilómetros) de la Noruega continental. Está muy cerca del Polo Norte y, a menudo, tiene condiciones frígidas. Es muy difícil que sobreviva cualquier tipo de vida marina. Sin embargo, unos tipos de animales marinos han logrado sobrevivir en este clima. Una de estas especies se llama la Morsa. La Morsa es un animal marino que vive por la mayor parte en el Océano Ártico y el Atlántico Norte. Generalmente no interactúa con los humanos o con las otras especies además de la presa. En este artículo, vamos a discutir la vida de la Morsa, los procedimientos de apareamiento, las tácticas, prácticas y ciclos de la Morsa. También vamos a hablar de la distribución de la Morsa, sus detalles científicos y su migración. Con eso dicho, vamos a hablar más detalladamente de la Morsa. La Vida de la Morsa Común del Atlántico Ha sido documentado que las Morsas fuerondescubiertas en 1534. Jacques Cartier las descubrieronen las islas del Cabo Bretón. Se las documentó como estar en grandes manadas. Sin embargo, se las quitó de esas áreas durante los siglos 17 y 18. Por la mayor parte, los balleneros europeos las quitaron. Usualmente los machos tienen una largitud de entre nueve hasta doce pies (2,7432 hasta 3,6576 metros). Las hembras tienen una largitud de 7,5 a 10 pies (2,286 a 3,048 metros). Los machos pesan hasta dos toneladas (4.000 libras o 1814,369 kilogramas), mientras que las hembras pesan hasta una tonelada (2.000 libras o 907,1847 kilogramas). Al nacer, el becerro o la becerra pesa aproximadamente 130 libras (58,967 kilogramas). Actualmente su esperanza de vida es hasta cuarenta años. Las hembras son completamente maduras a la edad de seis o siete años. Las morsas son increíblemente inteligentes y pueden formar lazos emocionales la una con la otra. También son criaturas muy sociales que viven en grandes manadas. Hace casi 6,5 millones de años que existen. Generalmente no son agresivas hacia los humanos o las otras morsas a menos que se las provoque. Sin embargo, a veces es posible que causen el hundimiento de barcos al rasgar los lados con sus colmillos. De esta manera, volcaron muchos barcos. Frecuentemente las morsas interactúan con los humanos. Es probable que examinen a la gente para decidir si representan una amenaza. A menudo los machos son territoriales, pero las hembras no lo son. A menudo comen peces, crustáceos pequeños, y pepinos de mar. Los adultos pueden comer desde tres por ciento a seis por ciento de su grasa corporal en un día. Comen dos veces al día y pueden comer hasta 6.000 almejas para una comida. No son canibalescas de ninguna forma. Se nota que su metabolismo puede cambiar debido al cambio climático. Actualmente su metabolismo está creciendo constantemente más alto. Es posible que esto siga como resultado del clima climático. No tienen muchos depredadores naturales a causa de su tamaño, sus colmillos y elección de hábitat. Los únicos predadores naturales que tienen son los Osos Polares y las Orcas. Actualmente son clasificadas como Vulnerables bajo la lista roja de la UICN. Esto indica que su población está disminuyendo, pero no a un ritmo rápido. Se estima que hay más o menos 250.000 Morsas en el mundo ahora. Las Morsas tienen cuerpos fuertes y su piel, quepuede ser una pulgada de espesor, es muy dura. La característica más distinguida de las morsas de ambos sexos son sus dos colmillos de marfil, los cuales son largos dientes caninos superiores que siguen creciendo durante la vida de las morsas. El propósito real de estos colmillos es para que la morsa pueda usarlos para penetrar el hielo para salir del agua. También usan los colmillos para hacer agujeros en el hielo para crear espacios para respirar de modo que no pierdan el oxígeno. Muy raramente pueden encontrarse en el agua profunda y tienen la tendencia de quedarse a bordo de flotadores de hielo o en la superficie del agua. Los humanos tienden a no capturar vivas a estas criaturas. En cambio, en su mayoría, los matan antes de tomarlos para sus propósitos. Los Ciclos de Apareamiento, Procedimientos, Prácticas y Tácticas de La Morsa Común del Atlántico Las morsas se aparean a través de la reproducción sexual. Se crian con mayor frecuencia en el agua. Sin embargo, ocasionalmente se ha observado que se aparean en la tierra. Se las considera monógamas ya que durante la temporada de apareamiento, la hembra solo se apareará con un macho. Sin embargo, esto podría significar que las hembras son monógamas con un macho diferente cada temporada de apareamiento. Los machos se aparearán con muchas hembras diferentes cada temporada de apareamiento. Por lo general, no son hermafroditas. Sin embargo, ocasionalmente algunos aparecen con órganos masculinos y femeninos. Las morsas macho también tienen huesos de pene. Estos huesos pueden alcanzar un metro de largo. Las hembras dan a luz a través de un nacimiento vivo. Su actual período de gestación conocido es de 15 a 16 meses. Las hembras alcanzan la madurez sexual aproximadamente a los 6-7 años. Las hembras no tienen hijos hasta alrededor de los 10 años de edad. Los machos alcanzan la plena madurez a los 10-14 años. No parecen tener una edad específica en la que la fecundidad sea máxima. Generalmente, las hembras tienen un bebé cada 2 a 4 temporadas de apareamiento después de alcanzar la madurez. Por lo general, tienen un bebé cada embarazo. Sin embargo, los gemelos son posibles aunque tener gemelos es algo poco común en las poblaciones árticas de morsas. La mamá guarda al bebé consigo. La madre protege a su cría de una manera muy agresiva. También hará que su cría se monte de sus espaldas en el agua para que esté a salvo de posibles amenazas. La Distribución de la Morsa Común del Atlántico Hay dos especies principales de morsas. Actualmente se cuestiona a la morsa de Laptev sobre su clasificación como una morsa. Sin embargo, solo hablaremos de la morsa del Atlántico, no de la morsa del Pacífico. Generalmente, las morsas del Atlántico se encuentran en la mayoría de las áreas del norte del mundo. Se encuentran en los territorios del norte y en Nunavut, ambos pertenecientes a Canadá. También se encuentran, por la mayor parte, en las áreas alrededor del noreste y noroeste de Groenlandia. En y alrededor del archipiélago de Svalbard se encuentran en altas concentraciones. Por lo general, se adhieren a temperaturas más frías. Es más probable que esto se deba a su constitución física que tiene mucha grasa. En cualquier otro ambiente que no sea en estas áreas del norte, su grasa puede causar un sobrecalentamiento severo. Estas áreas también están fuertemente protegidas por las leyes internacionales de pesca que brindan una especie de refugio seguro. No se encuentran en Alaska ni cerca de las áreas de Alaska. Tampoco se encuentran en Islandia. No se encuentran en Rusia continental sino se encuentran en el archipiélago ruso de Novaya Zemlya. En estas áreas, en su mayoría, los humanos los dejan solos, por lo que ahora se observan en cantidades tan altas. IMG_3771.webp Los 2 mapas que están arriba representan las áreas en las que se documentan las morsas del Atlántico. Los Detalles Científicos de la Morsa Común del Atlántico Las morsas son algunas de las criaturas más interesantes debido a un aspecto único, sus colmillos. Las morsas tienen unos caninos enormes que sobresalen de la boca y que conocemos como colmillos. El uso exacto de estos es salir del agua penetrando el hielo. Hablaremos más de esto más adelante en esta sección del artículo. No está documentado cuántos huesos tienen. Sus molares son bastante planos y rechonchos para moler crustáceos. Esto también se puede observar en los manatíes. Sus colmillos son sus únicos dientes afilados y no están destinados a la caza. Generalmente, no comen animales muy grandes, por lo que sus dientes están destinados a rechinar. Se nota a menudo que la población del Árticono nazca con anomalías en los huesos o los órganos. Los machos tienen dos órganos especializados que les ayudan a atraer a una pareja. Tienen dos sacos de aire que se encuentran en la parte superior del pecho y la cabeza que se pueden inflar a pedido. Este órgano solo se encuentra en los machos. Las morsas comunes del Atlántico hoy en día, tal como las conocemos, evolucionaron de animales terrestres. Esto se puede ver en la actualidad por su capacidad para arrastrarse a altas velocidades en la tierra. En el momento de la publicación su nombre científico es OdobenusRosmarus. Su phylum se conoce como Chordata, lo que significa que desarrollaron estas cincocaracterísticas, o como adultos o como jóvenes. Más de 60.000 especies se clasifican en Chordata en el momento de la publicación. Las características que desarrollan incluyen una notocorda, cordón nervioso dorsal hueco, endostilo o tiroides, hendiduras faríngeas y una cola postanal. Su clase se conoce como Mammalia. Los mamíferos se clasifican por la producción de leche por parte de la madre para que su hijo amamante, una neocorteza que es una región del cerebro, cierta capacidad de pelaje o cabello, y tres huesos del oído medio. Su orden es Carnivora, que es una orden monofilética de mamíferos plancentales. Todos estos mamíferos han evolucionado para especializarse en comer pescado. Este orden es el quinto orden más grande de mamíferos y tiene, al momento de la publicación, al menos 279 especies categorizadas bajo él. Su clado es Pinnpedia, lo que significa que son pinnípedos. Los pinnípedos son un grupo de especies semiacuáticas y mamíferos marinos muy distribuidos y extremadamente diversos. Su familia se conoce como Obodenidae. Obodenidae es una familia diversa de pinnípedos. Sin embargo, la única especie viva clasificada en esta categoría es la morsa. Su género es Odobenus. Gallery Directories / Credits https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/walrus#RelationshipwithHumans https://www.adfg.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=walrus.main https://wildfocusexpeditions.com/what-is-a-walrus/ https://seaworld.org/animals/all-about/walrus/classification/ https://oceana.org/marine-life/walrus/ https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/facts/walrus https://mmru.ubc.ca/wp-content/pdfs/Rosen%202021.pdf https://slate.com/technology/2015/11/animal-respiration-walrus-frog-and-butt-breathing-turtle.html BioExpeditionhttps://www.bioexpedition.com › w...Walrus Evolution Strategic Partnerships Reel Guppy Outdoors

This month’s article series will be about… Svalbard! Svalbard is an archipelago close to the north pole. It is currently owned by the country of Norway. It is approximately 366.83 Nautical/Marine miles (422.140425 miles or 679.36916 Kilometers) from mainland Norway. It is incredibly close to the north pole & has frigid conditions often. It is quite hard for any marine life at all to survive here, however a few types of marine mammals have learned to survive in this climate. One of those marine species is known as the Walrus. The walrus is a marine mammal that primarily lives in the Arctic Ocean & the Northern Atlantic. It often does not interact with humans or other species besides prey. In this article, we will discuss the life of the Walrus, the mating procedures, tactics, practices, & cycles of the Walrus, the distribution of the Walrus, the scientific detailing of the Walrus & the migration of the Walrus. With that being said, let’s delve into the Walrus. The Life Of The Common Atlantic Walrus Walruses were first documented as discovered in 1534. They were discovered by Jacques Cartier in the Cape Breton islands. They were documented as being in large herds. However, they were extirpated from those areas over the course of the 17th & 18th centuries. This was mainly done by European whalers. The males are usually between 9-12 feet long (2.7432 to 3.6576 meters) the females are 7.5-10 (2.286 to 3.048 meters) feet long. The males weigh up to 2 tons (4,000 pounds or 1814.369 kilograms) while the female will weigh up to 1 ton (2,000 pounds or 907.1847 kilograms). The calf will weigh approximately 130 pounds (58.967 kilograms) at birth regardless of gender. Its current documented life span is up to 40 years. The females fully mature at approximately 6 to 7 years old. Walruses are incredibly intelligent & can form emotional bonds with one another. They are also very social creatures who live in large herds. They have existed for roughly 6.5 million years. They are not often aggressive towards humans or each other unless provoked. However sometimes they do cause the sinking of boats by ripping the sides with their tusks. They capsized many boats. They do not interact with humans often. They will most likely look you over to see if you pose a threat. Male walruses are often territorial however the females often are not. They often eat fish, small crustaceans, shellfish, & sea cucumbers. Adult Walruses can eat anywhere from 3% to 6% of their total body fat in a single day. They eat twice a day & can eat up to 6,000 clams in one feeding session. They are not cannibalistic in any form. Their metabolism has been documented to change as a result of climate change. Their metabolism now steadily growing higher. This will most likely continue as climate change happens. They do not have very many natural predators due to their size, tusks & choice of habitat. The only 2 main natural predators that they have are Polar Bears & Killer whales. They are currently classified as Vulnerable under the IUCN red list. This indicates that their population is declining but not at a rapid rate. It is estimated there are currently 250,000 Walruses currently left on Earth. Walruses are strong-bodied & have a very thick, tough hide that can be an inch thick. The most distinctive feature of walruses, both male and female, is their two ivory tusks, which are long upper canine teeth that grow throughout the walrus’s life. The actual purpose of these tusks is so that the walrus can use them to penetrate the ice in order to heave themselves out of water. They also use it to poke holes in the ice in order to create breathing holes so they don’t lose oxygen. They are very rarely found in deep water & tend to stay aboard ice floats or on the surface of the water. Humans tend to not capture these creatures alive, instead they mostly kill them before they take them for their purposed. The Mating Cycles, Procedures, Practices, & Tactics Of The Common Atlantic Walrus Walruses mate via sexual reproduction. They breed most often in the water however occasionally they have been observed to mate on land. They are seen to be monogamous as during the mating season the female will only mate with one male. However, this could just mean that the females are monogamous to a different male every mating season. The males will mate with many different females every mating season. They are not hermaphroditic usually however occasionally some due appear with male & female organs. Male walruses also have penis bones. These bones can reach a meter long. The females do give birth through live birth. Their current known gestation period is 15-16 months. The females reach sexual maturity at approximately 6-7 years old. The females don’t produce children until about 10 years of age. The males reach full maturity at 10-14 years old. They do not appear to have a specific age at which fertility is the highest. The females will have a baby every 2 to 4 mating seasons after reaching maturity. They usually have 1 baby every pregnancy however twins are possible. However, having twins is somewhat uncommon in the arctic populations of walruses. The baby walrus will be kept with the mother. The mother will protect her calf very aggressively, she will also have her calf ride on her back through the water in order to be safe from potential threats. The Distribution Of The Common Atlantic Walrus There are 2 main species of walruses. The Laptev walrus is currently questioned as to its status as a walrus. However, we will only be discussing the Atlantic walrus, not the Pacific walrus. Atlantic walruses are commonly found in most northern areas of the world. They are found in the northern territories & in Nunavut which both belong to Canada. They are also commonly found in the areas around northeastern & northwestern Greenland. On & around the archipelago of Svalbard they are found in high concentrations. They usually stick to colder temperatures, this is most likely due to their physical build which has a lot of blubber. In any other environment that is not in these northern areas, their blubber can cause severe overheating. These areas are also heavily protected under international fishing laws which provide a kind of safe haven. They are not found in Alaska or near Alaskan areas. They are also not found in Iceland. They are not found in mainland Russia, however, they are found in the Russian archipelago of Novaya Zemlya. In these areas, they are mostly left alone by humans which is why they are now observed in such high quantities. The 2 maps shown above depict the areas in which Atlantic walruses are documented. The Scientific Detailing Of The Common Atlantic Walrus Walruses are some of the most interesting creatures due to one unique aspect, their tusks. Walruses have huge canines that stick out of their mouths that we know as tusks. The exact use of these is to haul themselves out of the water by penetrating the ice. This will be touched on later in this section of the article. It is not documented how many bones they have. Their molars are rather flat & stubby in order to grind crustaceans. This can also be observed in manatees. Their tusks are their only sharp teeth & they are not meant for hunting purposes. They usually do not eat very large animals which is why their teeth are meant for grinding. The Arctic population is not often documented to be born with abnormalities in their bones or their organs. The males do have 2 specialized organs that help them attract a mate. They have 2 air sacs which are located in the upper chest & head which they can inflate on demand. This organ is only found in the males. Common Atlantic walruses today as we know them evolved from land animals. This can modernly be seen by their ability to crawl at high speeds on land. At the time of publishing their scientific name is Odobenus Rosmarus. Their phylum is known as Chordata meaning that they developed these 5 characteristics all species under the phylum of chordata develop 5 similar characteristics either in adulthood or as juveniles. Over 60,000 species are categorized under Chordata at the time of publishing. The characteristics that they develop include, a notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, endostyle or thyroid, pharyngeal Slits, & a post-anal tail. Their class is known as Mammalia. Mammalia is classified by the production of milk by the mother for their child to nurse, a neocortex which is a region of the brain, some capacity for fur or hair, & three middle ear bones. Their order is Carnivora which is a monophyletic order of placental mammals. These mammals have all evolved in ways to specialize in eating fish. This order is the 5th largest order of mammals & has at the time of publishing, at least 279 species categorized under it. Their clade is Pinnipedia, meaning they are Pinnipeds. Pinnipeds are a heavily distributed & extremely diverse clade of semiaquatic species & marine mammals. Their family is known as Obodenidae. Obodenidae is a diverse family of pinnipeds, however, the only living species classified under this is the Walrus. Their genus is Odobenus. Gallery Directories / Credits https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/walrus#RelationshipwithHumans https://www.adfg.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=walrus.main https://wildfocusexpeditions.com/what-is-a-walrus/ https://seaworld.org/animals/all-about/walrus/classification/ https://oceana.org/marine-life/walrus/ https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/facts/walrus https://mmru.ubc.ca/wp-content/pdfs/Rosen%202021.pdf https://slate.com/technology/2015/11/animal-respiration-walrus-frog-and-butt-breathing-turtle.html BioExpeditionhttps://www.bioexpedition.com › w...Walrus Evolution Strategic Partnerships Reel Guppy Outdoors Our Loyal Patrons Ms. Ochoa

Todays article will discuss the history of a small Massachusetts town & bay known as Ipswich & Ipswich bay. The bay was named after the town. The town has a long & twisting history that dates back to the pilgrim days. 2 tribes of indigenous also occupied space around Ipswich bay. However only 1 was mainly concentrated around Ipswich. The history was widely dictated by the pilgrim age as this is when it got most of its population. Ipswich bay is on the northern area of Massachusetts next to Cape Ann. It exists within Essex County. There are about 17 large towns along its coast. It is not to diverse in marine life however the creatures that do live here thrive in this environment. It is full of nutrients with many different conservation projects underway at many various times, this makes it extremely appealing to certain species. In this article we will discuss the discovery & documented history of Ipswich bay & the town of ipswich, Ipswich’s surrounding aboriginals, the disaster history, a segment on the Ipswich economy, & finally a section on how the people of Ipswich utilized the marine resources at hand. Ipswich has some of the best original preserved puritan architecture. With that being said, let’s delve into this sleepy bay-front town. The Discovery Of Ipswich Bay & The Town Of Ipswich & The History Of Ipswich Bay & The Town Of Ipswich Before American Colonization It is debated as to how long the area has been inhabited. Thanks to carbon dating we have found artifacts from the Paleo-Indian era which have been dated to 9000 years ago. These artifacts were mainly discovered along what is now known as Great Neck. These have pointed evidence to a settlement build by the Native American in bull brook. There were originally 2 documented Native American tribes that existed along Ipswich bay. However the main one was the Agawams. It was the Agawams that would have built the settlement in Bull brook. Bull brook modernly exists in Ipswich. The Agawams most likely did not have much outside relevancy or relationships as they were not mentioned by surrounding tribes. After this point not much else is documented to have happened in this area. The next large thing on record is the founding of the organized town of Ipswich. After American Colonization The 17th Century Ipswich was discovered by the Europeans & founded by John Winthrop the younger who purchased it from the Agawam indigenous peoples. It was discovered in the year of 1630. A total of 11 original ships including Winthrops Ship the Arbella sailed with families to the location. The exact number for this was not released to the public. On June 12th 1630 Chief Masconomet who was sagamore of the Agawam tribe of indigenous peoples, met with John Winthrop the younger. This was recorded in Winthrop’s diary however the language barrier that they had was not mentioned & the way that they communicated is not mentioned either. After this, instead of exiting & settling in at what is now Ipswich, they decided to go down south where newly prepared buildings awaited them in the new city of Charlestown. Due to the winter, poor insulation, & not enough food a few hundred colonists died. They also experienced their first nor’easter which cost them crops, & some people limbs, as well as houses destroyed by the fires they kept burning for many nights. A nor’easter or northeaster is an extra tropical cyclone that appears often along the eastern cost of the continental U.S.A. They only occur in the northwestern Atlantic ocean. A key trait of them is their mostly forming in Massachusetts. As Winthrop was giving the last remaining handfuls of grains, the supply ship known as Lyon finally appeared in the Boston harbour. Without the Lyon many families would have starved death. Using Lyon, Winthrop’s wife Margaret & her children were able to sail to Massachusetts from England. John the Younger resided with his father & stepmother until the year of 1633, when he resolved to settle in the land that the Agawam tribe of indigenous people owned. He did this with the permission of the General Court Of Massachusetts. A captain known as John Smith wrote about the land in the year of 1614. He gave it high praise & said that it was "an excellent habitation, being a good & safe harbour." This praise may have altered Winthrops decision. In 1633 Winthrop sailed to what is now Ipswich harbour & began to settle the land. He brought a total of 12 men along with him to settle the area. These men were known as: Winthrop Were William Clerk, , Robert Coles, Thomas Howlet, John Biggs, John Gage, Thomas Hardy, William Perkins, John Thorndike, William Sergeant, & three others whose names are undocumented. These men sailed to what is now Ipswich harbour. Ipswich was officially documented as incorporated on August 5th, 1634. It was originally called Aggawam after the tribe of indigenous peoples that once lived here. It later was named Ipswich after the historic Ipswich that exists in Suffolk, England. A man known as Nathaniel Ward, who was an assistant pastor in town from the years 1634 to 1636, wrote the first code of laws for Massachusetts. He later went on to publish the religious/political work “ The Simple Cobbler of Aggawam in America” in England. In the year 1638, Chief Masconomet entered into a contract with John Winthrop the Younger for the purchase of the land that Ipswich stood upon for. There is no documentation of any Agawam resistance to the colonization either at Charlestown or at Agawam (Ipswich). However there is documentation of devastating epidemics among the Agawam indigenous peoples in the area in approximately 1617 & again in 1633. The cause of these epidemics were what is classified as virgin soul epidemics. Pioneers had many occupational choices as Ipswich was just founded, some popular occupations were farmers, fisherman, shipbuilders & traders. The tides from the nearby Ipswich River provided hydropower for mills, & salt marshes supplied hay & eelgrass for new livestock. A wide cottage industry was developed & in lace-making became extremely popular at this time. A style known as Ipswich Lave which was unique to Ipswich was beginning to be produced. The only known hand-made bobbin lace that was produced commercially in the U.S.A was made here. However, 1687, Ipswich residents, led by the Reverend known as John Wise, protested a new tax imposed by the then governor Massachusetts Sir Edmund Andros. They then proceeded to argue about it causing incredibly high tension. The result was citizens being jailed & high political tension. Then Andros was recalled to England in year of 1689, & the new British sovereigns, William the III & Mary the II, issued colonists another charter. The rebellion gave the town the nickname of the "Birthplace of American Independence". The 19th Century Large clipper ships bypassed Ipswich in favor of the seaports in areas with deeper waters. These areas were most popularly Salem, Newburyport, Quincy, & Boston. The town remained a primary fishing and farming community with not much income overall, this led to many residents living in older homes they could not afford to replace. Many of these workers were immigrant workers from all around the world. The lack of money for updating infrastructure left Ipswich with a considerable inventory of early architecture types which went out of date. In the year of 1822, a stocking manufacturing machine that was smuggled out of England arrived at Ipswich, this violating a British ban on exporting such technology. This led to the community being gradually developed as a milling town. In the year of 1828, the institute of Ipswich Female Seminary was established. In the year of 1868, Amos A. Lawrence established the Ipswich Hosiery Mills beside what is now Ipswich river. This went on to become the nation's largest stocking mill by the turn of the 20th century. What may be the last documented witchcraft trial in North America was held in Ipswich in 1878. In the Ipswich witchcraft trial, member of the Christian Science religon was accused of using his alleged mental powers to harm others in the town, this included a spinster living in the town. The 20th Century In the year of 1910, Richard T. Crane Jr. of Chicago, the business magnate owner of Crane Plumbing, bought the estate of Castle Hill, which is a drumlin along Ipswich Bay. He hired Olmsted Brothers, successors to Fredrick Law Olmsted to landscape his 3,500-acre estate, and engaged the Boston architectural firm known as Shepley, Rutan Coolidge to design, an Italian Renaissance Revival style villa the along the summit. A grande allée, 160 feet (49 meters) wide and lined with statuary would run the half mile from house to sea. Unfortunately his wife, Florence, loathed the building. Allegedly Crane promised that if she still disliked it in 10 years, he would replace it. In 1913 a major strike took place at Ipswich Hosiery mills. The cause of this was unfair wages with the average wage being 6.50 USD per week. It ended in a violent riot & unfortunately a 27 year old woman lost her life in the chaos. In 1928, a new 59-room mansion designed by Chicago architect David Adler in the English Stuart style stood in its place, called the Great House. At Mrs. Crane's death in 1949, the entire property was bequeathed to The Trustees of Reservations, which uses it as a venue for concerts and weddings. The town government was reformed in 1950 with the acceptance of the Town Manager Charter. This charter was rescinded by the voters, regained, and lost again. Voters adopted the present Town Manager-Selectmen Charter in 1967. The 21st Century In 2012 Ipswich hired its first female Town Manager, Robin Crosbie, who served until her retirement in 2018. The Aboriginals From The Ipswich Area Agawam Indigenous Peoples Unfortunately, the Agawam tribe of indigenous peoples did not write much down & were not well documented. They also were not discussed by other nearby tribes. They did have their own spoken language that unfortunately is now a dead language & is completely unknown due to time. They seemed to have a system in which you would have different regions as sort of sovereign states. Each individual chapter of the tribe would be ruled by a sachem decided off hereditary. They were mainly concentrated throughout Northern Massachusetts. However they were also found in New England. They made peace with the colonies & lived along side them rather peacefully. It unfortunately, is not known how long this tribe has existed for. The only documented sachem of the Agawam tribe of indigenous peoples was Masconomet. The Most Destructive Natural & Man Caused Disasters Of Ipswich Bay Unfortunately there have been no documented major disasters that have taken place in Ipswich. Any disasters that did have been undocumented or have not been released to the public domain. Ipswich Bay’s Real Estate & Economic Issues Ipswich is a rather middle class town. Their 2020 median household income was 72,452 USD. Their poverty rate was relatively low at 9.01%. The median property value was approximately 437,700 USD. Their main income is mostly from their historic tourism & commercial fishing. Other then that they are extremely economically stable as a city. How The People Of Ipswich Utilized Their Marine Resources Many of the people of Ipswich use the bay for commercial & personal fishing. Hydropower is also a common use that can be found out of both the bay & the river. Many of the people use the areas for commercial & personal boating as well. Ipswich bay has very many uses for both the locals & the tourists who visit the area. Often fisherman can be spotted along the local piers for their individual purposes. Total Time Line Of Ipswich 9,000 Years Ago - Agawams built the first documented settlement in Bull Brook 1617 - Virgin soil epidemic happens among the Agawam tribe. 1630 - The land is discovered by Europeans however not settled yet, instead the settlers go toward Charleston. June 12th 1630 - Chief Masconomet meets with John Winthrop the younger. 1633 - John Winthrop finally settles the town of Ipswich with 12 main settlers. He does this with the men known as: These men were known as: Winthrop Were William Clerk, , Robert Coles, Thomas Howlet, John Biggs, John Gage, Thomas Hardy, William Perkins, John Thorndike, William Sergeant, & three others whose names are undocumented. 1633 - Virgin soil epidemic happens which devastates the Agawam tribe of indigenous peoples. August 5th 1634 - Ipswich is officially documented as incorporated. 1638 - The land is officially purchased from Chief Masconomet by John Winthrop the younger. 1687 - Tax law in Ipswich gets protested which results in citizens being jailed & high political tension. 1822 - Stocking manufacturing machine is smuggled out of England into Ipswich. This violates British law. This ended up leading to an incredibly successful stocking manufacturing mill known as Ipswich Hosiery Mill. 1828 - The Ipswich Female Seminary is officially established. 1868 - Amos A. Lawrence founds Ipswich Hosiery Mill is founded on the bank of the Ipswich river. This ended up becoming one of the nation’s largest hosiery manufacturers. 1878 - The last documented witchcraft trial in North America takes place. It is known as the Ipswich Witchcraft Trial. 1910 - Richard T. Crane Jr. of bought the estate of Castle Hill, which is a drumlin along Ipswich Bay. He then modified the estate & build multiple buildings on it. 1913 - Strike breaks out at Ipswich Hosiery mills over Unfair wages which ends in a violent riot & a 27 year old woman losing her life. 1928 - A 59 room mansion is constructed on it designed by Chicago architect David Adler. 1949 - The owners death bequeathed the property to the Trustees of Reservations who use it as a rentable venue. 1950 - The town government is reformed & reorganizes. 2012 - The first female town manager Robin Crosbie. She served as the town manager until her retirement. 2018 - Robin Crosbie retires from her role as town manager. Directories / Credits https://www.ipswichma.gov/ https://historicipswich.wordpress.com/ https://www.britannica.com/place/Ipswich-Massachusetts http://robinlull.com/garylull/Ipswich,_MA_Timeline_1601-1622.html https://ipswichhistory.com/ Local Historieshttps://localhistories.org › BlogA History of Ipswich https://www.newenglandhistoricalsociety.com/27-year-old-woman-died-1913-ipswich-mill-strike-never-get-justice/?amp=1 Prince, John (1888), Hurd, D. Hamilton (ed.), "Essex", History of Essex County, Massachusetts: with Biographical Sketches of Many of its Pioneers and Prominent Men , Philadelphia: J. W. Lewis & Co, vol. II, p. 1155 Gross, David M. (2014). 99 Tactics of Successful Tax Resistance Campaigns . Picket Line Press. p. 78. ISBN 978-1490572741 . Strategic Partnerships Reel Guppy Outdoors Our Loyal Patrons Ms. Ochoa

Today’s article is a part of a special collection, known as the Marine Hall Of Fame. Recently we have decided to publish the collection as the Marine Biological Hall Of Distinction. It is the exact same collection, however it is just under a separate name. In this special collection we will discuss marine biologists who we feel have served marine biology & oceanography the most. We do this in order to commemorate these marine biologists & to show gratitude for everything they have contributed to our oceans. This collection has no relation to the main months series. This series publishes on the 25th of every month, shortly after our article on the oceanic environment of a certain region on the 20th. Today’s Marine biologist, is Finn Devold, a Norwegian Marine Biologist & meteorologist. Finn Devold was key in expansion across Greenland. He was well known for his studies on fish such as the Atlantic Halibut around Greenland. He & his brother, Hallvard Devold, had a shared interest of expanding Norwegian influence on the western Arctic. In this article we will discuss his early life & educational background, his later personal life & career, his literary works, & finally his honourables, achievements, accomplishments & awards. With that being said, let us delve into the life of Finn Devold. His Early Personal Life & Education Background Finn Devold was born on the 24th of April 1902. His father, Harald Ophus Devold, was a Parish Priest for the Catholic Church. He was born into a family with just one older brother, that brother being Hallvard Devold who was born 4 years before him on the 8th of November 1898. Little is known about his early life before a certain point. His Later Personal Life & Career Devold first travelled to the Arctic in the year 1923, at just 20 years of age. He went to study at the meteorology station known as Kvadehuken on Svalbard. His love for the arctic was shared with his brother Hallvard, which is why he studied with him at the institute. Kvadehuken was established by the geophysical institute at Tromsø. While studying here he took part in a search & rescue mission for 2 english men who had crashed their plane nearby the institute. In October of 1924 Kvadehuken closed & stopped conducting research for financial reasons. After this, the brothers moved to the meteorological station in Jan Mayen. In the year 1927 he measured the islands tallest volcanic peak, Beerenberg. After the brothers left Jan Mayen in the year 1928, they travelled together to northeastern Greenland. During the year 1928, he also became Fridtjof Nansen’s assistant. While in greenland, he participated in a movement that was organized to support the Norwegians claiming Greenland. He also supported the population & development of Greenland. By the year 1932, under his guide, 80 cabins had been constructed for fishermen to use in eastern Greenland. He also organized some action for this in southern Greenland, where he also established the Finnsbu Radio. On July 12th of 1932, the Norwegian flag was raised at the Myggbukta base as to claim the northeastern part of Greenland. He also asked to raise the Norwegian flag at the Finnsbu radio at the same time. After the 1933 when Denmark was rewarded greenland, the majority of Norwegian bases were shut down & all Norwegian claim to their territories on the island were closed. The flags were also lowered at the base. He left Greenland on the ship known as the Signalhorn, & went to Norway on said ship. In the year 1936, he was hired to work for the Norwegian institute of Marine Research. He left all involvement in Norwegian politics at this time as well. He eventually obtained a degree in mathematics & science in the year 1940. In the year 1943 he became a consultant tor fisheries at the institute. He specialized his work mainly in Atlantic Herring fisheries, & in the year 1950 he followed the herring migrations on a new vessel named “GO Sars”. After following these migrationsc he published the results of his research at the institute. After retiring in the year 1972, he continued his work in fisheries privately. He unfortunately, passed away in the year 1977. He had 1 wife, Karen Elizabeth Jassen. His Literary Works The North Atlantic halibut & Net fishing, Bergen 1938 Contribution to the flounder surveys ( Pleuronectes platessa Lin.), Ed., UiO, 1940 From the Crimean War to our days. Part 1 (including NP Vigeland), vol. 3 in Norway at sea, 1953 The life history of the Atlanto-Scandian Herring, Rapp. Cons. Explor Mer, 154, Copenhagen 1963, pp. 98–108 The formation and disappearance of a stock unit of Norwegian herring, the Directorate of Fisheries, Skr. Marine Surveys 15 No. 1, Bergen 1968 His Honourables, Achievements, Accomplishments, & Awards He unfortunately, recieved no documented awards or honorables. He did however achieve a more prosperous population of Herring as he published his concerns about overfishing of herring, which helped keep the population stable. Directories / Credits https://peoplepill.com/people/finn-devold Strategic Partnerships Reel Guppy Outdoors Our Loyal Patrons Ms. Paloma Rodriguez Ochoa

Todays article will concern the oceans that make up & surround Ipswich bay & the bay itself. Unfortunately, due to a malfunction of our servers we were not able to publish as scheduled on the 20th. Ipswich bay exists on the northeastern coast of the U.S state Massachusetts. Ipswich bay has a few sleepy towns along its shoreline making it a great place to relax or get away to. Much of its marine life is not often seen on the top apart from seals, sea lions, & occasionally otters. Despite the overall sleepiness of the social climate this area often doesn’t receive much tourism. In this article we will discuss the salinity, temperature, marine geography & terrain, the main marine ecosystems, the documented marine flora & fauna, the ocean acidification & climate change, & the subsections / rivers & creeks that Ipswich bay runs off into. With that being said, lets delve into this peaceful paradise bay. The Salinity, Temperature, Tides, Basic Information, & Marine Geography Of Ipswich Bay Ipswich Bay is located in northern Massachusetts along the gulf of Maine. The current salinity level is unknown as it has not been taken & released to the general public. It sits in the Atlantic ocean which makes it more likely for higher salinity levels. It extends as deep as 70 feet (21.336 meters) within 1 mile off coast. The tides are usually non dangerous & their surf & riptide is quite predictable. The waves usually don’t reach over 11.6 feet (3.53568 meters) high. It is not very polluted & is very safe to swim or do recreational activities in. However drop offs are quite common so it is recommended to proceed with caution. The temperatures for Ipswich bay can be found on a multitude of sites such as: https://seatemperature.net, https://www.watertemp.org , & https://seatemperature . The approximate length of the bay from from one side to another is 5.01965446978 nautical miles (5.7765152 miles or 9.29640007803 kilometers). The information pertaining to that has not been released to the public domain. There are salt water marshes however they do not affect the bays other ecosystems or the bays salinity. Neither does the out going salinity from the Ipswich river. Marine terrain wise it has many rocks that line the bottom of the bay as well as seagrass. These both have helped to provide protection from the fisher peoples of Ipswich bay. Even though it is not very biologically diverse The bay holds some of the most beautiful beaches in the United States of America. However this may hold a negative effect upon the wildlife. Scuba diving is not often taken place here however it does happen as there are many shops around it that offer scuba / snorkelling equipment. There are marine protected areas along Ipswich bay’s coastal area. These are mainly located along the northern end. Ipswich bay is vastly unlogged even though it harbours many people & has many well documented towns along its coast. The Main / Most Important Marine Ecosystems Of Ipswich Bay It is important to note that there are many Microsystems within Ipswich bay. However we could only write about the main ecosystems or type of ecosystems as the Microsystems are not well documented. Even though Ipswich bay is well explored on the surface, the sea floor of the bay is not very well explored. Rocky Coastal Areas Rocky Coastal areas make up large areas of Ipswich bay. In these areas crustaceans are quite commonly found as well as smaller types of fish such a minnows. Seals & Sea lions often are seen here engaging in social activity & feeding. As said, these areas consist mostly of large rock build up or rock formations. They extend into the ocean & that that is how most crustaceans end up living there. It is fairly common to find these areas by the harbours along Ipswich bay. Salinity levels are are quite commonly higher due to the its placement along the coast. Temperature wise they are usually the same as the areas further out in the bay. It is also important to note that these areas usually aren’t diverse. Deeper Sea Area Communities The deeper sea communities of Ipswich bay are much more biologically diverse then the coastal areas. Whales of all kinds are a common sight here as well as other marine mammals. These whales can often be seen feeding or engaging in social gatherings. Crustaceans as well as many different kinds of fish are also common here. These areas usually have underwater rock formations or small under water caves (Not cave systems). These areas usually have a lesser salinity level & are often bustling with wildlife. They are often found out in the bay with up to 70 feet of depth. Marshland / Estuaries Marshland areas are usually located to the in the northeastern parts of Ipswich bay. Only 2 seagrass species compose the seagrass population with those being Spartina Alterniflora (Salt-water cordgrass / salt-marsh cordgrass) & Spartina Patens (Salt-meadow cordgrass.). Temperature wise they are usually slightly warmer. Many sea birds, small crustaceans, & small fish species are commonly found here. There are not many marine mammals. It usually is about 2-14 feet (0.6096 to 4.2672 meters). Other then these areas it is not common to find an abundance of seagrass. The Marine Flora Of Ipswich Bay & Its Effects Ipswich bay is not very diverse marine plant wise. There are only 2 varieties of marine seagrasses that are documented to grow in Ipswich bay. These 2 species of seagrass are Spartina Alterniflora (Salt-water cordgrass / salt-marsh cordgrass) & Spartina Patens (Salt-meadow cordgrass. ). This is most commonly found in the marshland / estuaries of Ipswich bay. However they are not exclusive to that specific kind of ecosystem in Ipswich bay. They have declined approximately 80% since the 1990’s & are conservation dependent in some ways. However, many projects have been taking place to save the eelgrass population from extinction in Ipswich Bay. Due to the presence of these grasses Ipswich bay in later years has not been forming many more subsections. This is most likely due to the seagrass causing erosion to slow down. The opposite can be seen in Morro Bay, California. There are not very many kinds of kelp or marine plants that are documented to exist in the bay. The Marine Fauna Of Ipswich Bay There are many more species of Fauna then there are of flora in Ipswich Bay. There is no complete log as to how many species exist within Ipswich Bay or the exact species that live within the bay. However due to migration patterns logging these animals would require vigorous & taxing work & even then migration patterns often change. A list of known marine mammals include but are not limited to: Humpback whales, harbour seals, harbour porpoises, Northern Minke whales, Steller sea lions, killer whales, & Dall’s porpoise. These are all mostly seen within the months of September to May. They are best observed from boats or from Plum Island. These animals are not conservation dependent (In this specific area). However conservative acts take place often by many estate owners such as the owners of Crane Beach. They are relatively unbothered within the bay by humans. The Subsections / The Rivers & Creeks That Ipswich Bay Runs Into Or Has Created Due to Eelgrass depletion over the years & many other factors, there are many subsections that Ipswich bay runs off into. These areas are not often talked about or associated with Ipswich Bay. There are a total of 4 rivers that Ipswich bay directly runs off into. However, there is only one main river that will be talked about. These rivers are essential to the marine flora & fauna of surrounding areas. We will also discuss the Annisquam Estuary in this segment. With that being said let us delve into the rivers that Ipswich Bay runs into. No.1 Ipswich River The Ipswich River was documented in 1638 when John Winthrop bought the land from the Agawam tribe of indigenous peoples. It is approximately 45 miles throughout Massachusetts. It is salt water with an undocumented salinity level. The documented temperature of the river is currently 54° Fahrenheit or 12.2222 ° Celsius. It is used modernly by humans to power Ipswich Mills Dam. No.2 Annisquam River The Anniquam river was first documented in 1631 when a European settlement was built near / around it. It is approximately 8 feet deep & 4.5 miles long. It is salt water with an undocumented salinity level. A site in which the water surface temperature can be found for this is https://https://www.watertemp. It is used mostly for fishing & recreational purposes modernly. Directories / Credits http://thelocalne.ws/2021/07/14/beaches-from-plum-island-to-wingaersheek-deemed-clean/ https://www.charts.noaa.gov/BookletChart/13279_BookletChart.pdf https://usa.fishermap.org/depth-map/ipswich-bay-ma/#map https://historicipswich.wordpress.com/2021/02/12/salt-marsh- https://thetrustees.org/place/crane-beach-on-the-crane-estate/ Mass.govhttps://www.mass.gov › news › stor...Story Map: A comparison of eelgrass mapping methods https://www.mass.gov › docPDFIDENTIFYING LOCATIONS FOR EELGRASS HABITAT ... https://www.jstor.org/stable/1931282 https://www.watertemp.org/United-States/Massachusetts/Essex-County/Annisquam-Harbor/ Strategic Partnerships Reel Guppy Outdoors Our Loyal Patrons Ms. Ochoa

El artículo de este mes va a tratar de: Ipswich Bay, Massachusetts. Ipswich Bay está localizada en el norte de Massachusetts a lo largo del golfo de Maine. Allí hace mucho frío y hay muchos tipos diferentes de animales marinos. Es muy bonito, pero no recibe mucha atención como un destino turístico. Muchas veces, sus playas no están llenas de gente. También su historia es larga, interesante y bien documentada. Es increíblemente hermosa y es un buen lugar para observar la fauna marina. Sin embargo, vamos a tratar de la baya misma en el próximo artículo. Es común ver la Ballena Jorabada en la baya. Estas criaturas son increíblemente majestuosas y, frecuentemente, son vistas lejos en la baya. En este artículo, vamos a hablar de la vida de la Ballena Jorobada, los procedimientos de apareamiento, las tácticas, las prácticas, y los ciclos de la Ballena Jorabada. También vamos a hablar de la distribución de la Ballena Jorobada, sus detalles científicos, su conservación y el efecto e intercación con los humanos a lo largo de los años. Con todo esto, ahora vamos a examinar la Ballena Jorobada. EL DESCUBRIMIENTO Y LA VIDA DE LA BALLENA JOROBADA La Ballena Jorobada fue descubierta en 1756 por Mathurin Jacques Brisson. Primero la identificó como Baleine de la Novelle Angleterre (Ballena de Nueva Inglaterra) en el libro, Regnum Animale. En 1781, Georg Heinrich Borowski cambió el nombre original a su nombre latino de Balaena Novaengliae. En 1804, Bernard Germain de Lacépède cambió la ballena jorobada de la familia Balaenidae y lo renombró B. Jubartes. En 1846, John Edward Gray creó el género Magaptera, y clasificó la Ballena Jorobada como Megaptera Longipinnia. Sin embargo, en 1932, Remington Kellogg cambió otra vez la especie de Ballena Jorobada al Novaenglie de Borwoski. Esto nos trae hasta hoy cuando conocemos la especie como Megaptera Novaengliae. Normalmente las hembras llegan a una largitud de 49 pies. (14. 9352 metros). En cuanto a los varones, éstos llegan a una largitud aproximada de 44 pies (13. 4112 metros). Su peso colectivo mediano es de 25 a 40 toneladas estadounidenses (22.679,6 a 36.287,4 kilogramas). La esperanza de vida mediana para los dos géneros son 47,5 años. Son sumamente sociales y demuestran un nivel de inteligencia. De hecho, son unos de los mejores comunicadores del océano. Sin embargo, son frecuentemente solitarios y no comunican con otras ballenas. Hace 45 millones de años que esta especie existe. Su dieta, por la más parte, consiste en crustáceos pequeños, como bokmål, camarones, o peces pequeños. También tienen un metabolismo elevado que requiere que coman hasta 3,000 libras (1360.777 kilogramas) de comida cada día. Usan un proceso que se llama alimentación por filtro en la que filtran animales pequeños cercanos para consumirlos. No son canibales de ninguna forma. No hay muchos depredadoras a causa del tamaño absoluto de este animal. Las únicas criaturas que sabemos que las han atacado son las orcas, las orcas falsas y unas especies de tiburones grandes. Las Ballenas Jorobadas usualmente no son muy agresivas hacia otras ballenas y hacia los seres humanos. Prefieren irse en vez de luchar. No hay ninguna evidencia que sugiera que son teritoriales y quieren defender ciertas áreas. Generalmente, las Ballenas Jorobadas son negras o grises con vientres blancos. También tienen aletas en su sección de medio. Una de las características más notables de la Ballena Jorobada son sus aletas que son inceíblemente largas. Las Ballenas Jorabadas son sumamente activas y, a menudo, se golpean las aletas y trematodos en la superficie del océano. LOS PROCEDIMIENTOS DE APAREAMIENTO, LAS TÁCTICAS, PRÁCTICAS, Y CICLOS DE LA BALLENA JOROBADA A causa de su tamaño, las Ballenas Jorobadas se aparean en maneras muy extrañas. Se aparean via la reproducción sexual. El varón deposita los espermatozoides dentro de la hembra para fertilizar el huevo. El varón atrae a la hembra por medio de una canción de noviazgo y después la hembra tiene la opción de aparearse con el hombre o no. La hembra está embarazada por 11 o 12 meses y después tiene el bebé. Generalmente un cría de ballena nace cada dos o tres años. Sin embargo, tener los bebés en succesión rápida no es muy común, pero es possible que ocurra. Generalmente la hembra tiene solamente un bebé y es muy raro que tenga gemelos. Generalmente, la cría se queda con la madre por lo menos cinco meses. Sin embargo, es más común que se quede por el primer año. Generalmente, cuando se nace, la cría tiene una largitud de 12 a 15 pies y pesa aproximadamente una tonelada estadounidense (2.000 libras o 907.1847 kilogramas). No son hermafroditas de ninguna forma. Sin embargo, es possible que haya una ballena intersexual. Usualmente, las hembras llegan a la maturidad sexual a eso de cinco a siete años porque, a esta edad, muchos tienen su primer cría de ballena.. Los varones llegan a la maduridad sexual entre la edad de seis o siete años. Tienen estaciones o meses específicos para apearse. Éstos son diciembre, enero, febrero, marzo, abril, y mayo. No son monógamos y no se quedan juntos después de concebir la cría de ballena. LA DISTRIBUCIÓN DE LA BALLENA JOROBADA La Ballena Jorobada es increíblemente diversa al escoger su ambiente. Usualmente adhiere a áreas oceánicas más frías, probablemente a causa del oxígeno dilutado, el que causa que los crustáceos pequeños sean más abundantes desde que hay más oxígeno. Esto explica por qué es un ambiente mejor para ellas. Generalmente pueden ser vistos en la vecindad de Canada y Alaska. Sin embargo, se puede verlas cerca del estado de Nueva York y Nueva Inglaterra. Por la mayor parte, se puede verlas en Alaska durante el verano. También disfrutan de áreas de Europa, como El Reino Unido y las áreas cerca de Norway. Sin embargo, migran hasta los Grenadinos en el Caribe. Generalmente se puede verlas en el Caribe entre diciembre y abril. Parece que prefieren el Océano Atlántico en vez del Océano Pacífico y, desafortunadamente, nadie sabe la razón. Su populación estimada es 84,000 y esto puede ser una clave por qué son tan extendidas y tan diversas en cuanto al ambiente. LOS DETALLES CIENTÍFICOS DE LA BALLENA JOROBADA La Ballena Jorobada es una de las criaturas más interesantes a cuasa de su tamaño y su evolución. Los adultos tienen más o menos 161 huesos. La estructura de los huesos es semejante a la de otras ballenas. Sin embargo, las Ballenas Jorobadas que viven en la costa de Brasil, a veces, tienen más abnormalidades de huesos que las de otras áreas. Una teoría que explica esto es que este grupo de Ballenas Jorobadas pueden ser innatas. Generalmente, estas abnormalidades pueden verse en las vértebras caudales y en las costillas. Hasta ahora, se observa que estas abnormalidades causan infecciones que pueden ser malignas. Sus dientes son estrechos y se llaman placas de barbas. Tienen 270 a 400 dientes que traslapan delante de la boca de la ballena. Las ballenas usan estos dientes para sacar los crustáceos pequeños. IMG_3701.jpeg Esta imgen representa un cuadro cercano de los dientes de una Ballena Jorobada. La Ballena Jorobada puede bucear hasta 750 pies. Por la más parte , evolucionaron del Dorudon. El Dorudon es un género extinto de las ballenas antiguas basilosáuridas. Hacía desde 34 a 40 millones de años que la especie categorizada debajo del género de Dorudon vivía. Su nombre científico es Megaptera Novaeangliae. Hasta ahora no se han descubierto muchos fósiles (menos de 5.000). Su filo se sabe como Chordata. Esto significa que han desarrollado las cinco carcterísticas que tienen todas las especies de Chordata. Desarrollan estas características o como adultos o como jóvenes. Hasta ahora, más de 60.000 especies son categorizadas bajo el nombre de Chordata. Las características que desarrollan incluyen: un notochord, un cordón del nervio hueco dorsal, endostyle o tiroides, hendiduras faríngeas, y una cola post-anal. Su clase se sabe como Mammalia, la que significa que la madre produce leche y amamanta al niño. En la clase de Mammalia, también hay un neocorteza, que es una region del cráneo, una capacidad de pelaje o pelo, y tres huesos en la oreja interior. Actualmente, hay 6.400 especies categorizadas bajo la clase de Mammalia. Su clase es la de Artiodactyla y, en esta clase, hay ungulados con dedos de los pies iguales. Las especies categorizdas bajo Artiodactyla son ungulados, animales con pezuñas que tienen peso igualmente en dos de sus cinco dedos de los pies. Estos dedos de los pies son el tercer y el cuarto dedo del pie. Los otros dedos de los pies son o presentes, o ausentes, vestigiales, o en un punto posterior. Su infraorden es el de Cetacea. Las características claves de este infraorden son su estilo de vida totalmente acuático, forma del cuerpo aerodinámica, a menudo de un tamaño muy grande y una dieta exclusivamente carnívora. Otra caracterstica es su inteligencia social increíble. Hay más o menos 90 especies categorizadas bajo Cetecea. Su familia es la de Balaenopteridae. Todos los miembros de la familia tienen una serie de pliegues longitudinales de la piel que empiezan desde debajo de la boca hasta el ómbligo. Estos pliegues dejan que la boca expanda y se caiga de una manera cuando comen. Esto permite que tomen una cantidad grande de comida y traguen de un trago. Actualmente, hay diez especies categorizadas bajo esta familia. La única especie bajo el género de Megaptera es la Ballena Jorobada. Directories / Credits https://www.livescience.com/58464-humpback-whale-facts.html https://us.whales.org/whales-dolphins/species-guide/humpback-whale/ https://www.britannica.com/animal/humpback-whale https://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/blog/humpback-whale-fact-sheet/ https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/abs/10.1139/z92-202?pubCode=m&journalCode=cjz https://www.adfg.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=humpbackwhale.printerfriendly https://www.acsonline.org/humpback-whale https://wwf.panda.org/discover/our_focus/wildlife_practice/profiles/mammals/whales_dolphins/humpback_whale/ Groch KR, Marcondes MC, Colosio AC, Catão-Dias JL. Skeletal abnormalities in humpback whales Megaptera novaeangliae stranded in the Brazilian breeding ground. Dis Aquat Organ. 2012 Nov 8;101(2):145-58. doi: 10.3354/dao02518. PMID: 23135142. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23135142/ https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Megaptera-novaeangliae-prenatal-individuals-A-ZMB-85699-in-right-front-and-left_fig7_273065847 Strategic Partnerships Reel Guppy Outdoors Our Loyal Patrons Ms. Ochoa