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Ode To Oceanography: An Antique Nautical Map Of The Mediterranean Sea This article is the third instalment in the Ode to Oceanography series. This series will publish on the 15th of every month, until we run out of antique nautical maps to analyze, though that will not be for many decades. Once that happens, we will keep the series running, but we will change the article format. In these articles, will take an antique nautical map & analyze it in its entirety. These maps will not strictly be on open oceanic waters, they may be on rivers or occasionally, bays. We will also discuss the methods that may have been used to make the map, considering the time period, & the country of origin. These maps will come from a variety of sources, though they will mainly come from Maps Of Antiquity, a wonderful New England map shop. These maps will come from varying time periods, & will not be in any particular historical order. Today’s map up for analysis, is one of the first ever marine surveys ever taken of the Mediterranean. The Mediterranean measures at approximately 965,300 square miles (2,500,115.52 square kilometers), which is a lot of area to encompass. It showcases the northern areas of Africa, & the Black sea. This map is a genuine, Heather, Mediterranean map. This map is in extraordinary condition, aside from the paper being slightly yellowed by time. In this article we will discuss the map itself & the translation of certain sections of the map, & a surface level analysis on this antique nautical map. With that being said let us delve into the Mediterranean Sea. The Antique Map Itself This map is in English, so there is no need for translation into English. We unfortunately, are unable to translate this into any other European language, unless we forego complete accuracy. This map has an incredible accuracy, even compared to modern day charts. There are very few islands left off off of this, & the coastline is very accurate. All countries directly bordering the Mediterranean, are extremely clearly labelled. This map is uncoloured, most likely to cut down on production time. Overall, this chart is pristine. A Surface Level Analysis Of The Map This map was made in the year 1812, but was revised in 1818. It is unknown where exactly this map was found, or who was the original owner of it. This map was originally made by William Heather, a British nautical cartographer, but it was revised by John William Norie, a British hydrographer. This map was not made for military purposes, & was not used for such purposes either. The map unfortunately has no legends, or areas with marine creatures outlined on it. This chart does not have a specific name. This map does not have any topographical feautures outlined on the map. Though we cannot for certain say which technique this was made with, the most likely method is the engraving method, which was the most common & traditional at the time. In this technique, there are 5 jobs, the mapmaker, the engraver, the printer, the papermaker, & the colourist. The first step in this process is that the mapmaker will go out & make a hand-drawn map of the area where the map will encompass. Effectively, the mapmaker is the informant who makes the first copy. After this, the engraver will create a design of the map in reverse on a metal, usually copper, surface. Usually there would only be 1-2 plates used, however it differs depending on the size of the map. After the copper plate is made, the printer will heat the copper panel, & then proceed to lather it with ink. They will then wipe the copper panel down to the point where ink is only on the grooves of the panel. Then after this, the printer will press damp paper onto the ink, & hang it up to dry. To conclude, the colourist will touch up the map & decorate it by adding in details, such as shorelines & shoals. Directories / Credits All credit for this map analyzed today goes to Maps Of Antiquity, a wonderful New England map shop. To purchase this map, any other maps, or any other cartographic objects, please visit mapsofantiquity.com . To be clear, this is not an advertisement for Maps Of Antiquity, as we do not have a partnership with them. Strategic Partnerships Reel Guppy Outdoors Our Loyal Patrons Ms. Paloma Rodriguez Ochoa

The Pacific Gray Whale Of Malibu, California This month’s article shall discuss.. Malibu, California! Malibu, California is a city located along the coast of Southern California. It is famed for its beautiful beaches & it’s wide array of celebrities. Malibu is located in Los Angeles county, approximately 32.60 miles from Downtown Los Angeles. What is not well known about Malibu, is the fact that Malibu’s beaches are flooded by many different species of marine life. It is not often seen that Malibu offers a unique marine environment compared to other California coastal areas. For example, in Malibu Lagoon State Beach, many wading birds will swim around the lagoon & watch swimmers alike. Not only that, but Malibu is a prime area for Mussel hunting. Malibu has an abundance of Mussels so you may take them & eat them, however there are certain months of the year in which they are poisonous, so make sure to do research as to if they are safe to eat. Malibu is also a prime area to fish off of a pier, as the Malibu Sport Fishing pier is always open & extremely busy. On this pier, a fishing license is not required to fish. The majority of Malibu does require a fishing permit, so make sure to check the areas in which you are fishing. There is one species in particular which is somewhat elusive to humans, yet found commonly in Malibu. This species is the Gray Pacific Whale (Eschrichtius Robustus). The Gray Pacific Whale is a species of baleen whale with a distinctive white mottling pattern that adorns their grey skin. They are highly migratory & will migrate a seasonal 10,000 to 14,000 miles each winter from Sea of Japan to California. They are well known for this as not many other whale species travel this far in a single winter. Pacific Gray Whales at one point were known as “Devil Fish” due to their aggressive behaviour towards whalers. Pacific Gray whales used to be found in the North Atlantic, but they were hunted into extinction by humans in the late 18th Century. In this month of December, Pacific Gray Whales may be seen from various coastal points in Malibu as this is the season they are found across California. In this article, we shall discuss the life of the Pacific Gray Whale, The mating & reproductive habits, tactics, cycles, strategies, & procedures of the Pacific Gray Whale, the distribution of the Pacific Gray Whale, & finally, the scientific detailings of the gray whale. With that being said, let us delve into the majestic Devil Fish. The Life Of The Pacific Gray Whale The Pacific Gray Whale was first described by Wilhelm Lilljeborg, a swedish zoologist. This species was first described in the year 1861. He discovered by looking at fossil that was found of this species in the Baltic Sea. The Pacific Gray Whale reaches a length of 14.9352 meters (49 feet) at its maximum. This length does differ between sexes, as the females are slightly larger. It reaches a maximum weight of 41 metric tonnes (90,389.5 pounds & 41,000 kilograms). This species of whale in particular lives on average between 55-70 years. Though, one female was recorded to have lived 75-80 years so it is possible for them to have longer life-spans. Since this is a cetacean, it is extremely intelligent. They are not very social & they do not live in familial groups. They do display some level of intelligence, but in contrast to a bottlenose dolphin or an orca they are not very smart. However, in constrast to the majority of other oceanic animals they rank extremely high. They are in fact some of the best communicators of the ocean. They are often solitary however they do communicate with other whales. This species in particular has existed for at minimum 100,000 years, as this is the farthest back a mass migration of this species between the Pacific Ocean & the Atlantic Ocean as been recorded. This species has not been studied in captivity, so it is not being actively observed. Pacific Gray Whales will occasionally approach small boats & allow humans to touch them. They seem to enjoy this, so this indicates that they have a positive relationship with mankind. They are aggressive towards harpooners who attack them, so they can be violent but only if provoked. Since they are highly migratory, they are not territorial & will not fight over territory. They can swim up to 11 miles per hour (17.7028 kilometers per hour), however their average speed is at a mere at 5-8 miles per hour (8.04672 to 12.8748 kilometers per hour). They swim by rapidly flexing their tails up & down & steer using their flippers. They are baleen whales, meaning they strain their food out of the water using their large mouths. They feed by dragging themselves on the bottom of the ocean & consuming whatever they strain in. They are able to deflect sediment by using the fringes on their mouth which catches the sediment, but not the crustaceans. They primarily feed on crustaceans, they are not cannibalistic in any capacity. They will not feed while migrating or during winter, since they have a very slow metabolism which helps them to build up fat in their body. This helps them keep themselves both insulated & fed during the winter or while they are migrating. They will consume an average of 16,000 small creatures per square yard that they swim. They usually take short dives that last 3-4 minutes, although it is somewhat unclear how many times they do this per day or how much ground they are able to cover in such a short amount of time. Using all information on hand, they most likely cover 366.6666666432 yards each time they dive down. This means that they may get as many as 5,866,666.66629 small crustaceans each time they dive. They do not seem to be nocturnal hunters. Their largest natural predators are large shark species & killer whales of various kinds. This species is marked as least concern on the IUCN red list. An adult Pacific Gray Whale will have white mottled skin with small eyes that are located nearby the mouth. They do not have a dorsal finn, so this makes them slightly more noticeable. They also often have barnacles growing on them, & whale lice. These barnacle formations are in a higher concentration nearby the tail & the head of the whale. The Mating & Reproductive Habits, Tactics, Cycles, Strategies, & Procedures Of The Pacific Gray Whale The Pacific Gray whale mates via sexual reproduction. They are not monogamous & will mate with many different whales over the course of their lifetime. There are in no capacity hermaphroditic in any capacity & do not have the ability to change sexes. Both males & females will become fully sexually mature between the ages of 6 to 12 years. This species does lactate after the whale calf is born. It is unknown when exactly the females & males are most fertile, but we estimate their most fertile years to be before 36 years. Their gestation period can be extended to 13 months, however it is most often 12 months. The mother will give birth every 24 months to 32 months, or every 2-3 years after her first pregnancy. However the length between pregnancy may increase with her age. They do appear to have a specific mating season, that being late November to early December. Breeding does take place throughout the year, but these are the most concentrated times of calf conception. The actual mating ritual itself is unclear, however it is known that there may be up to 3 partners mating simultaneously all with one another. After the female is pregnant for 12-13 months, she will give live birth. The mother will give birth usually in a lagoon less then 4 meters deep. They do have a specific place where they all give birth, that place being Mexico. They will give birth in various Mexican lagoons & bays. She will only bear a single calf & the idea of having twins is practically impossible. Once the newborn calf is brought into the world, she will hold it at the top of the lagoon in order to ensure that it is breathing properly. Mother whales of this species are extremely violent towards anything they perceive as a threat to their baby. She will lactate until the calf is 6 to 7 months old & then the calf will begin consuming solid food. After 1 year of the calf being alive, it will become independent of its mother & go to its mothers same feeding ground. It will inherit the mothers feeding ground. After this, the mother will cease to be a part of the child’s life. The mother will then repeat this process with her next calf. Also, this species of whale does not often travel in a pod, instead opting to travel alone. The Distribution Of The Pacific Gray Whale The Pacific Gray Whale is found throughout the Pacific ocean, specifically the northern Pacific. Every year, they will migrate from Japan to California & Alaska. This makes it so that they are often found on the western coast of the united states, as well as the Alaskan gulf. They are highly migratory creatures & will not stay in one place. They are often found in shallower regions of the Pacific Ocean. It is extremely rare to find one of them deep down in the ocean. They will often spend their summers in Japan & Korea then migrate to California in the winter. They are often also found in coastal areas unless they are migrating. The Scientific Detailings Of The Pacific Gray Whale Possibly the most interesting thing about the Pacific Gray Whale, or whales in general, is their blowhole located atop their skull. What is not often known is that the blowhole on a whale, is their nostril. Since they have a hole atop their head, they do not need to get completely out of the water in-order to breathe. This helps them preserve energy & sleep properly. They use their blowhole by taking breathed of air at the surface, then contracting the muscles around the blowhole so that the blowhole is tightly closed. They close it while underwater so that water does not get into the whales lungs. Their bones are not hollow but instead are somewhat thin. Since they are baleen whales, they have teeth plates that they use to strain in krill. They have frills around their teeth that will catch any debris & dirt from entering the whales mouth. They have between 130 & 180 different baleen plates. These plates are made of keratin, which makes them flexible yet durable. They play an extremely important role in the ecosystem of Malibu by eating the amount of krill they do, without them there would be many food chain issues. Bones of them often wash up on beaches, specifically their heads. Also they have only 1 singular fossil of them to be discovered to this date. This fossil was discovered off of the coast of Southern California from the Pleistocene period. This would date it to be between as old as 50,000 to 120,000 years. Their phylum is Chordata meaning that they developed these 5 characteristics all species under the phylum of chordata develop 5 similar characteristics either In adulthood or as juveniles. The characteristics that they develop include, a notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, endostyle or thyroid, pharyngeal Slits, & a post-anal tail. Their class is Mammalia. Mammalia is classified by the production of milk by the mother for their child to nurse, a neocortex which is a region of the brain, some capacity of fur or hair, & three middle ear bones. There are currently 6,400 species categorized under the class of Mammalia. Their order is Artiodactyla. which are even toed ungulates. Species categorized under Artiodactyla are ungulates, hoofed animals which bear weight equally on two of their five toes, these toes are the third & fourth toes. The other three toes are either present, absent, vestigal, or pointing posteriorly. Their infraorder is that of Cetacea. Key characteristics of this infraorder are their fully aquatic lifestyle, streamlined body shape, often large size & exclusively carnivorous diet. Another characteristic is their incredible social intelligence. There are roughly 90 species categorized under Cetacea. Their family is that of Eschrichtiidae. This family contains 4 genera yet only 1 species. That species would be the Pacific Gray Whale. The majority of the genera in this family have fossils that date back to the Pliocene era. This family was named to honour the Danish zoologist Daniel Fredrik Eschricht. Their genus is that of Eschrichtius & is also named after Daniel Fredrik Eschricht. There is only 2 species in this genus, those species being Eschrichtius Robustus & Eschrichtius Akishimaensis. Their Binomial name is Eschrichtius Robustus. Directories / Credits https://journeynorth.org/tm/gwhale/ExpertAnswer13.html https://panamajack.com/blogs/under-the-sea/8-things-you-should-know-about-gray-whales https://animalia.bio/gray-whale https://www.acsonline.org/gray-whale https://oceantoday.noaa.gov/whaleanatomy/ Gray Whales (Eschrichtiidae) - Encyclopedia.com Strategic Partnerships Reel Guppy Outdoors Our Loyal Patrons Ms. Ochoa

This months article series will discuss.. The Lesser Antilles Island Of Antigua! This island makes up the Caribbean country of Antigua & Barbuda. It is approximately 185.22 Nautical/Marine miles (213.147369 miles or 343.02744 kilometers) from Venezuela. It is also approximately 1311.36 Nautical/Marine miles (1509.086137 miles or 2428.63872 kilometers) from mainland Florida. Antigua is a part of the lesser Antilles & the Leeward islands. The etymology of the name is that Antigua means ancient in Spanish. This choice of name was most likely a remanent of the Spanish conquest of the Caribbean. Since its in the Caribbean sea, it has many nutrients & many different types of interesting species. Its nutrients & high amount of smaller organisms attracts many of these animals. One of them who is unfortunately invasive, is the Red Lion Fish. The red lion fish is frequently confused with its close relative, Pterois Miles. However the 2 are completely different species. It lives in Antigua year-round & frequently sting tourists. They are known for their lordly appearance. Their large fins that extend out often make it appear like a lion. They are in relatively high concentration around Antigua & the Caribbean, however they are native to the Indo-pacific regions. In this article we will discuss the life of the red lion fish, the mating procedures, tactics, practices, & cycles of the red lion fish, the distribution of red lion fish, the scientific detailings of the red lion fish, & what to do in the event that you are stung by a red lion fish. The Life Of The Red Lion Fish The Red lion fish has existed in the Indo-pacific for centuries, however it was first introduced to the Atlantic in the 1980s. It is not known how it was released into the ocean, but quickly the breeding population grew. The first sightings of them were off the coast of southern Florida near areas of Miami. However in the Indo-Pacific they have been featured throughout many cultures which suggests when they were discovered. The fully matured adults are approximately 16 inches (40.64 centimeters) regardless of gender. However, they may be up to 18 inches (45.72 centimeters) in size. The juveniles may be as small as 1 inch or sometimes even less. The life span of the red lion fish in the wild is unknown however in captivity it is up to 10 years regardless of gender. They are approximately 2.5 pounds (1.13398 kilograms) at their peak weight regardless of weight. Their level of intelligence is higher then most other types of fish. They are not often social & do not form emotional bonds with each other. They also do not have any form any kind of hierarchy. It is unknown how long Lion Fish as a whole have existed. They often live a life of solitude & will fiercely protect the area that they call home. They are extremely territorial in this way. They are aggressive towards other fish however they will generally stay away from humans unless they feel threatened. They generally will not interact with humans at all. They will consume any types of crustaceans & small fish. They have no preference, & will also sometimes consume creatures much larger then them. They are believed to be nocturnal hunters as they are often found with full stomachs during the day. They metabolism is normal compared to other fish. They are not cannibalistic in any form. They also have no teeth & consume their prey with one bite. They have no known natural predators which is why there are so many of them. They also seem to have been able to adjust to lower & higher salinity levels. It is classified as Least concern on the IUCN red list. These fish are frequently kept in tanks meaning that they can be distributed without cause of harm to the species as a whole. They have a distinctive brown or maroon & white stripes / bands covering their entire being. They have fleshy tentacles above their eyes & below the mouth fan like pectoral fins long separated dorsal spines 13 dorsal spines 10-11 dorsal soft rays 3 anal spines & 6-7 anal soft rays. They are extremely territorial & will murder other fish over territory. The Mating Procedures, Practices, Cycles, & Tactics Of The Red Lion Fish Lionfish are incredibly beautiful when it comes to mating. They mate via sexual reproduction. They are not monogamous & do not form social or emotional bonds. They are also not hermaphroditic. The female lion fish reach sexual maturity at 1 year of age. It is unknown when the males reach sexual maturity. The females will produce 2 egg sacks every 4 days, these egg sacks hold the unfertilized eggs. They will hold up to 15,000 eggs, however not all will be able to be fertilized. With these numbers, the female will release 2,737,500 eggs every year. These eggs will then be released during the courtship dance. The males will go around looking for a female for days on end, to intimidate rival males & attract the females they will puff up their fins. Once the female & the make decide to initiate the courtship ritual they will face each other & ascend slowly. At this point it is when the females will release her egg sacks & the male will turn upside down in order to release his sperm to the eggs. He will release approximately 10,000 to 30,000 sperm. He will then spray this sperm on the eggs. After this courtship ritual, the 2 will swim away & will most likely not see each other again. They do not care for their young at all after this point. These egg sacks will go into a gestation period for 24 to 36 hours & then hatch. After this point, they swim out into the ocean. These egg sacks are approximately 1.5 inches long & 0.7 inches in width on average. The image above depicts the egg sack of a red lion fish. These egg sacks contain a noxious chemical that the children will be soaked in once they are born. This noxious chemical makes the juveniles less likely to be eaten compared to another species that does not have the chemical. Very little is known about the larval stage of the Red Lion Fish. They do not appear to have a specific mating season, instead they mate year round regardless of climate. The Distribution Of The Red Lion Fish The Red lion fish is native to the Indo-Pacific. However, they were released into the Atlantic Ocean in the 1980’s & have grown to have a large population throughout the Caribbean. There is evidence suggesting that lion fish have become more tolerant to lower salinity levels. This evidence was provided in a thesis by Aaron Hasenei. This is a reason as to how they have been able to permanently establish themselves in the Atlantic ocean rather then the pacific. They are found as southern as central Brazil & as northern as the state of North Carolina. They are not found west of the panama canal. The Scientific Detailings Of The Red Lion Fish The Bone structure of a lion fish is incredibly interesting due to its very strange spines that stick out. These spines are incredibly boney & are often 2-4 inches. They stick out in a strange way that make it appear almost similar to a lions main, which is most likely how it got its name. There are no known differences between bone structure in the males & the females. They do not have very much cartilage or muscle, which makes their main bones appear to pop out. It is not exactly known how the female releases the egg sack, or where she releases the egg sack from. The lion fish has a very strange way of hunting. You see, during an experiment it was found that they often preferred prey that were faster then themselves. Strangely, they also were found to be more successful at catching these prey. In this experiment which was conducted by Ashley N. Peterson & Matthew J. Mchenry, a Pterois Voltians (Red Lion Fish) was made to hunt a Chromis Viridis (Green Chromis). Even though the Red lion fish was half as fast as the Green Chromis, it showed a 61% rate of success in catching the fish. It was also discovered during this experiment that they use a persistent predation strategy to catch their prey. Their teeth are incredibly small & are on the upper & lower jaw. They have an alleviated appetite however they do not have an alleviated metabolism. This may be their reason for expanding their range of living. They also consume as much as 50% more in the summer months then in the winter. Their phylum is Chordata meaning that they developed these 5 characteristics all species under the phylum of chordata develop 5 similar characteristics either In adulthood or as juveniles. The characteristics that they develop include, a notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, endostyle or thyroid, pharyngeal Slits, & a post-anal tail. Their class is Actinopterygii, this means that they are ray-finned fish. This also means that their actinopterygian fin rays attach directly to the proximal or basal skeletal elements. Their order is Scorpaeinformes. This is an order of ray skinned fish such as lion fish & sculpins. It is one of the largest orders of ray skinned fish as it has 1,320 species currently categorized under it. Their family is Scorpaenidae. This a family that holds most of the worlds venomous marine fish. Species under this family are mostly found in the Indo-pacific. The etymology of their name is that it comes from the word scorpionfish. The reason for that is because most animals under this family sting with venomous mucus. Their genus is Pterois. This genus is a genus of venomous marine fish. All species of lionfish are categorized under this genus. One of the main characteristics of this genus is that, most of the fish are coloured a bright bold red. This red signals that the fish is venomous. Their binomial name is known as, Pterois Voltians. What To Do If You Are Stung By A Red Lion Fish Lion fish do not sting unless they believe that you are a threat. In the event that you are stung on Antigua by a Red Lion Fish here are some steps you may take to minimize damage. Step 1. Get Out Of The Body Of Water. Immediately exit the water if you realize that you have been stung. This is crucial to make sure that you can receive proper medical attention. Step 2. Remove Pieces Of The Spine From Your Leg. Most likely there will be pieces of the lion fish still stuck in your leg. Do not attempt to do this with bare hands. Use tweezers & gloves in order to remove them in order to prevent further damage. If you do not have gloves, use a strong barrier that will insure that your hands will not touch the spine. Step 3. Wash The Area With Freshwater & Soap. This step is to make sure that any other foreign objects are removed. Do not use alcohol. If you have it, use antiseptic towelettes as well. Step 4. Control Any Bleeding That May Be Happening. The site that was stung may be bleeding. Using a clean towel or cloth, apply pressure to the site that was stung. This will cause clotting of the blood which will stop the blood loss. Do this for as long as necessary. Step 5. Apply Heat In Order To Break The Venom Down. Use a heating pad in order to apply heat to the wound. This will both break the venom down & reduce swelling. Always bring a reusable heating pad if you are in an area with lion fish as a sting is always possible. If you cannot get a heating pad put hot water in a thermos. If you are using hot water, make sure that the water is below 120° degrees Fahrenheit (48.8889 Celsius). Keep the heating pad on for at least 2 hours. Step 6. Take Pain Medication If Available. Lion fish stings will hurt for many hours after the initial wound. To combat the pain over the counter painkillers are recommended. An example of this is ibuprofen or Tylenol. Step 7. Apply Tropical Antibiotic Cream. Apply cream to the wounded site, then wrap the site in bandages. If swelling appears do not apply ice as it will intensify the pain. Step 8. Seek Medical Attention From A Doctor. Sometimes, a doctor is not needed for a lion fish sting. However you should seek medical attention to make sure that there are not complications. Infections are also possible so having a follow up check up on the wound is extremely encouraged. Directories / Credits https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/lionfish-facts.html https://www.localdivethailand.com/rare-finds/lionfish-a-smart-fish/ https://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/aquatic/fish-and-other-vertebrates/lionfish https://nsuworks.nova.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1498&context=occ_stuetd https://lionfish-hunting.com/lionfish-reproduction/ https://seaofchange.com/creature-feature-red-lionfish/ https://www.healthline.com/health/lionfish-sting#treatment https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32729212/ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31534410/ https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2022.1085 https://journals.biologists.com/jeb/article/222/19/jeb214122/223524/Invasive-lionfish-have-turbocharged-digestive Strategic Partnerships Reel Guppy Outdoors Our Loyal Patrons Ms. Ochoa ReplyForward

This article is a part of our second newsletter titled, The Persaud Catalogue Scientific Journal of Marine Biology. In this journal, we will publish information concerning the various marine flora & fauna of certain places. This newsletter, will publish sporadically, & not on a timed basis like The Persaud Catalog. This journal is in affiliation with The Persaud Catalog, however it is a separate entity. In todays article, we will catalog the various species of seagrass found in & around Terranea Cove. We will state the density of these species, the place where it was found the most, & a detailed description of the species. Please note, this was done with the correct permits, do not attempt to imitate this survey without being aware of the permits necessary to do it. On September 9th, we did a seagrass survey of Terranea Cove, Ranchos Palos Verdes. We attempted to take the coordinates of these specimens, as well as measured them. What we discovered, is that only 1 seagrass species inhabits the cove, that species being Macrocystis Pyfiera. It is important to know, that Terranea Cove has an extremely large surf, so attempting to find seaweed specimens is very difficult without the proper equipment, & knowledge. For our international readers, Ranchos Palos Verdes is a Peninsula in California, USA. For this reason, we do not advise anyone to attempt this. Terranea Cove is located next to the Terranea Resort, which is nearby the Saint Peters By-The-Sea Presbyterian Church. With that being said, let us delve into the seagrass species of Terranea Cove, Ranchos Palos Verdes. The Survey Results All specimens found in Terranea cove were found at approximately 7:30 PM, when the tide we near its highest point. Seagrass Species 1: Macrocystis Pyfiera (Giant Kelp / Bladder Kelp) It seems that there was only one species found in Terranea Cove. There were large matts of seaweed towards the right side of the cove, & slightly smaller matts at the mouth of the cave. Overall, the majority of the seagrass that should have washed up on shore, got tangled in massive matts on the righthand side of the cove, towards the cliffside. There were very few speciemens on shore, but luckily a pristine specimen was able to be found. Unfortunately we couldn’t properly get the coordinates of this specimen, as staying longer in the specific area could have caused issues for our field worker. Our specimen for this species was approximately 25 centimeters (9.84252 inches) long, & approximately 3 centimeters (1.1811 inches) wide. Unfortunately, in order to fit properly in the vial, we had to cut a portion of the specimen off. It was wide with small tendrils, & a half twist in the center of it. It took on a brownish color, with a strange leathery texture. This species usually grows in massive forests off the coast of Ranchos Palos Verdes. Unfortunately, these forests are being threatened by the Purple Sea Urchin, who has overpopulated Ranchos Palos Verdes. The Purple Sea Urchin likes to consume the giant kelp, & are able to devour forests of it. For this reason, there are many conservation efforts going on to protect the kelp forests of Ranchos Palos Verdes. Strategic Partnerships Reel Guppy Outdoors Our Loyal Patrons Ms. Paloma Rodriguez Ochoa ReplyForward

This article is a part of our second newsletter titled, The Persaud Catalogue Scientific Journal of Marine Biology. In this journal, we will publish information concerning the various marine flora & fauna of certain places. This newsletter, will publish sporadically, & not on a timed basis like The Persaud Catalog. This journal is in affiliation with The Persaud Catalog, however it is a separate entity. In this article, we will state all of the most prominent species of Marine Flora in Ranchos Palos Verdes that were found. We will state the density of these species, the place where it was found the most, & a detailed description of the species. Please note, this was done with the correct permits, do not attempt to imitate this survey without being aware of the permits necessary to do so. Generously, 2 sponsors gave us the opportunity to study the seagrasses in Maiori, Italy, & Barceloneta, Spain. Unfortunately, in Barcelona, seagrass could not be easily accessed from the coastline, so we were unable to find any specimens of seagrass along the coast near Barceloneta Beach. Additionally, Seagrass does not grow very closely along the coastline in that particular area of Northern Spain. Though in Maiori, we were able to procure 2 small samples of Posidonia Oceanica. This was the only species that could be found along the Maiorian coast. To be clear, this is a survey that will only be conducted once, & not yearly like the Malibu survey’s that take place in May. This survey is a stand alone study. With that being said, let us delve into the seagrasses of Maiori. The Survey Results For Maiori, Italy, & Barceloneta, Spain Unfortunately, due to the fact that all of our samples were found underwater, we were unable to get the accurate coordinates of their origins. All samples were taken between 1:00 to 1:30 PM Central European Time. Seagrass Specimen 1: Posidonia Oceanica (Neptune Grass, Found In Maiori) The first & only seagrass species that we found, was Posidonia Oceanica. Our first specimen of this species measured approximately 4 inches long, & our second measured at 3 inches long. They were both broken off from a main plant when they were found. It is extremely rare to find this species along the coast, & it grows much further out at sea. The reason for this is, Maiori’s Coast is extremely rocky, & Posidonia Oceanica needs sand to grow properly. We found these samples in an intertidal zone, floating on a wave. This species has flat, long, dark green leaves which make it very identifiable. Surprisingly, we found no dried Neptune balls along the coast or anywhere nearby. Posidonia Oceanica usually grows in waters between 3.28084 & 114.829 feet deep. Since this species of seagrass is extremely slow growing, it could be anywhere from a few weeks to thousands of years old. Strategic Partnerships Reel Guppy Outdoors Our Loyal Patrons Ms. Paloma Rodriguez Ochoa

The Documented History Of The Italian Village Maiori, Italy Today’s article will discuss the history of Maiori, Italy. Maiori is a small town along the Amalfi coastline, in the province of Salerno. It is famous for its large lemon production, as well as its incredibly old chapels. It is an inexpensive resort town & has been since the roman times. 2 anonymous sponsors decided to graciously donate us money in order to go to Maiori & conduct various experiments. During the 5th of September, we will publish an article on the various experiments we conducted & research data we collected. These articles will be published under our newest newsletter, which is named “The Persaud Catalogue: Scientific Journal of Marine Biology”. This will be the first publication under that newsletter. Maiori is also wonderfully inexpensive so this makes it a day trip destination. It is also possible one of the best places to go marine-creature watching in the province of Salerno. It has a rich history that ties in to a twin town that is nearby, known as Minori. Maiori has the longest stretch of unbroken coastline along the entire Amalfi coast, which makes it a prime location for both coastal & marine life. Maiori is also famous for their delightful various scuba diving tours. The town currently has a bustling coastline in that many marine creatures will choose to live along it. Maiori has been a tourist town since the times when romans ruled Italy. Maiori has also served many functional purposes as a town since it became a recognized township. One of the main purposes it held is the production of lemons, which are used to make the staple alcoholic drink known as limoncello. Maiori has existed since at minimum 596 century A.D, meaning it has existed longer then the Mongul empire. That is the earliest proven record of Maiori, however some evidence suggests it may be older. The Mongul empire existed for approximately 162 years, while Maiori existed for at least 1,427 years, possibly longer. This means that Maiori has existed for approximately 9 times that of the Mongul empire. In this article, we will discuss the documented History of Maiori, the aboriginals of Maiori, the most destructive man-caused & natural disasters to ever effect Maiori, & finally the economic state of Maiori, Italy. With that being said, let us delve into the land of lemon trees. The Documented History Of The Italian Village Maiori, Italy As a disclaimer, extremely little is known about the history of Maiori. Before Colonization By The Unified Romans Maiori’s exact origins are unknown. The village was most likely founded by the Etruscans. It is also unknown when exactly when Maiori was founded, however it seems to have existed since the 1st century A.D. This has been seen in that a villa nearby was discovered nearby Maiori, this villa was found to date back to the 1st century. This was also evidence that Maiori was used as a tourist town by the Etruscans. Unfortunately the historical villa from the 1st century A.D no longer exists. They originally called Maiori either “Cossa” or “Bossa”. Also Maiori & Minori are the only 2 Etruscan settlement’s found in Campania. In the 3rd Century A.D, it was conquered by the Romans. They named Maiori “Rheginna Maior” & the neighbouring town of Minori “Rheginna Minor”. After Colonization By The Imperial Romans The 500’s One of Maiori’s earliest documentations after Roman invasion, is that of the Catholic Temple called “Santuario Santa Maria a Mare”. It is called the Sanctuary of Santa Maria in English. This Catholic temple was built in 596, it is still operational today. The 600’s It is unknown what happened during this century. The 700’s It is unknown what happened during this century. The 800’s Between the years of 830 & 840, the small Italian towns of Lettere, Tramonti, Cetera, & Positano as well as the isle of Capri, formed the Duchy of Amalfi (Republic of Amalfi). This Duchy functioned as an independent state even though it officially was not one. Each city retained their own personal autonomy & their names. When Maiori was united into this, it became the head of the republics admiralty, the head of the customs in the republic, & the lead city in the salt market. Even after the Amalfian Republic fell, Maiori remained a major port & their shipyards still remained in active operation. The 900’s It is unknown what happened in this century. The 1000’s During the beginning of the century, the Duchy of Amalfi was incorporated into the Kingdom of Naples. The Events Of 1100’s There were no major events that took place in Maiori during this century. The Events Of 1200’s There were no major events that took place in Maiori during this century. The Events Of 1300’s There was a violent tsunami during the year of 1343. There was also a plague in Maiori in the same year, as well as many pirate sieges, & horrible floods. This caused Maiori to fall into a decline. The Events Of 1400’s There were no major events that took place in Maiori during this century. The Events Of 1500’s There were no major events that took place in Maiori during this century. The Events Of 1600’s There were no major events that took place in Maiori during this century. The Events Of 1700’s There were no major events that took place in Maiori during this century. The Events Of 1800’s It remained incorporated in Kingdom of Naples until the completion of Italian unification in the year 1871. The Events Of 1900’s From the 1946 to 1954 Maiori appeared in multiple romance films made by the famed Italian film maker Roberto Gastone Zeffiro Rossellini. The Aboriginals Of Maiori, Italy The Etruscans Of Etruria The origins of the Etruscans has been widely debated. It is unclear whether or not they were indigenous to Italy or if they were migrants from modern day Turkey. For this reason, we cannot say that they were the first people in Maiori. They did build a civilization in central Italy, but they only built / found Maiori much later in their civilization. Also, the Campanian’s could have built Maiori & then abandoned it. The Campanians were significantly closer so this is a possibility. Generally, it is unknown who were the original inhabitants of Maiori of not. The Most Destructive Man-Caused & Natural Disasters To Affect Maiori, Italy No. 1: The Vietri-Maiori Landslide Of 1954 On the 25th of October 1954, a massive storm hit the village of Vietri sul Mare & Maiori. This storm caused 300 deaths in total. It also caused major landslides, which temporarily wrecked the economy of both towns, as well as destroying many historical sites. It destroyed many homes as well, which temporarily displaced many Maioriese residents. Since the majority of Maiori at this point was built upon a hill, the storm caused more damage then it should have. This landslide was the main cause for Maiori not having as many historical buildings as Minori. It also caused major soil erosion & other issues with soil fertility, so it the agricultural sector of Maiori temporarily became screwed up. The Economic State Of Maiori, Italy Maiori’s economy is growing steadily, yet slowly. Maiori exports many lemons so that is their main crop in the agricultural sector. They also receive fair share of tourism, for both their historical value & their beautiful beach. It has also been shown in many different films so this adds to their popularity. This also helps make the town seem more appealing, especially since it has been shown in romance films. The town holds a film festival in November each year, in which the Premio Internazionale Roberto Rossellini is rewarded. This festival helps to attract lots of tourism, which turn gives the commune an economic boost. Maiori uses the European Euro, the same as the rest of Italy. Directories / Credits //www.summerinitaly.com › m...Maiori - Towns in Amalfi Coast https://www.italyheritage.com/regions/campania/salerno/maiori.htm Francesco Fiorillo, Luigi Guerriero, Lello Capobianco, Mauro Pagnozzi, Paola Revellino, Filippo Russo & Francesco M. Guadagno (2019) Inventory of Vietri-Maiori landslides induced by the storm of October 1954 (southern Italy), Journal of Maps, 15:2, 530-537, DOI: 10.1080/17445647.2019.1626777 https://costieraamalfitana.com/en/town/maiori/ Strategic Partnerships Reel Guppy Outdoors Our Loyal Patrons Ms. Ochoa

Today’s article is a part of a special collection, known as the Marine Hall Of Fame. Recently we have decided to publish the collection as the Marine Biological Hall Of Distinction. It is the exact same collection, however it is just under a separate name. In this special collection we will discuss marine biologists who we feel have served marine biology & oceanography the most. We do this in order to commemorate these marine biologists & to show gratitude for everything they have contributed to our oceans. This collection has no relation to the main months series. This series publishes on the 25th of every month, shortly after our article on the oceanic environment of a certain region on the 20th. Today’s marine biologist, is Anton Frederik Bruun, a noble Danish oceanographer. Anton Frederik Bruun was a Danish oceanographer & ichthyologist, who served as a chairman for the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission. Anton Frederik Bruun is best known for his work with various fish species, as well as his work in the beginning stages of the Cold War. He was one of the most prominent figures who helped the American government to strengthen their their submarine capabilities. He wrote three books, the first of which is titled “The Biology Spirula Spirula L.”, & the second of which is titled “The Galathea Deep Sea Expedition”, & the last of which is titled “The Bruun Memorial Lectures”. He unfortunately, wrote no autobiography, so very little is known about his early personal life. In this article, we will discuss his Early Personal Life & Education, his Later Personal life & Career. & his Accomplishments, Honorables, Achievements, & Awards. With that being said, let us delve into the life of Mr. Anton Frederik Bruun. The Early Personal Life & Education Of Anton Frederik Bruun Bruun was born on the 14th of December, 1901, in Jelling, Denmark. He was born to a Farmer. He most likely was not raised in any religion, as later in life he would be described to be very anti-religious. He was unfortunately, disabled for a large portion of his childhood due to polio. Aside from this, very little is known about his early personal life. The Later Personal Life & Career Of Anton Frederik Bruun Anton Frederik Bruun attended University Of Copenhagen. His major was Zoology, & it is unclear if he has any minors. After this it is unclear if he got another degree. In 1927, he became an assistant to his Professor Schmidt in his department for the Danish Commission For The Exploration Of The Sea. He would continue working here until the death of Professor Schmidt, which was after the Dana Voyages. His friends would describe him as a charming man, who has no trouble making friends. Under the guidance of his Professor Schmidt, he participated from 1928 to 1930 in doing expeditions with the research vessel “Dana”. He would go on to do a few sporadic cruises on the Dana to Iceland & the Faroe Islands. In 1938 he became assistant curator of the Zoology Museum Of The University Of Copenhagen. Soon after in 1945, he was appointed leader an expedition in West Africa on the yacht “Atlantide”. He continued this expedition until 1946. From 1948 to 1949, he went on a lecture circuit around the United States of America, & New Zealand. Starting in 1950, he began the famed Galathea expedition, which he was the leading ichthyologist on. He would continue on this voyage until 1952, & he would later go on to write a book detailing his experiences on this voyage. He may or may not have been multilingual, which would helped him on this voyage & various other endeavours, but this is not confirmed. During the expedition, he published an oceanographic survey titled “The Philippine Trench & its Bottom Fauna”. In 1957, he became the Senior Lecturer in Oceanography at the Zoology Museum at the University of Copenhagen. He would go on to work in there his death. Due to his contributions in oceanography & ichthyology, he was elected secretary of the International Union Of Biological Sciences. Over the course of his life, he published many scientific articles, the topics ranging from flying fish to icelandic cephalopods. Unfortunately, we could not get the dates for which these various articles were published. On one of his voyages in east Asian waters, he unfortunately caught an illness, which would utterly destroy his health, & cause him to have an early death. In 1961, he was elected President of the International Commission For Oceanography. Unfortunately, On December 23rd 1961, he would pass away from his illness. His impacts on the field of oceanography are immeasurable, & continue to be extremely impactful to this day. His obituary is linked below. https://watermark.silverchair.com/27-2-121.pdf? Anton Frederik Bruun’s Accomplishments, Honorables, Achievements, & Awards He Authored “The Biology Of Spirula Spirula”. He Authored “The Galathea Deep Sea Expedition, 1950-1952, Described By Members Of The Expedition”, based on the second Galathea Expedition, which circumnavigated the globe. He posthumously authored “The Bruun Memorial Lectures”. He had the award “Anton Frederik Bruun Award”, named after him. It is gifted by the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission. This award is gifted every second year, at their biannual assembly. He was gifted the Alexander Agassiz Award, which is gifted by the National Academy of Sciences. He was the leading ichthyologist on the second Galathea Expedition. Directories / Credits Citation No. 1: “Shellers From the Past & the Present” Written by Unknown & Published at an Unknown Date. Published by Conchology Incorporated. Retrieval Date: July 22nd, 2023. https://www.conchology.be/?t=9001&id=13846 Citation No. 2: “Dr. Anton F. Bruun (1901-1961)” Written By Unknown & Published at an Unknown Date. Published By the Harte Research Institute for Gulf of Mexico Studies. Retrieval Date: July 22nd, 2023. https://www.gulfbase.org/people/dr-anton-f-bruun-1901-1961 Citation No. 3: “Intelligence & Internationalism: The Cold War Career of Anton Bruun”: Written by Peder Roberts, Published on July 10th of 2013. Published by John Wiley & Sons Incorporated. Retrieval Date: July 22nd, 2023. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1600-0498.12021 Citation No. 4: “Oceanographic Exonumia: Dr. Anton Frederik Brunn & the Alexander Agassiz Award” Written by Jeremy Bostwick, & Published on January 28th of 2021. Published by Stacks Bowers Numismatics LLC. Retrieval Date: July 22nd, 2023. https://stacksbowers.com/anton-bruun-alexander-agassiz-award-stacks-bowers-galleries/ Citation No. 5: “The Biology of Spirula Spirula L.” Written by Unknown, & Published at an Unknown Date. Published by the Smithsonian. Retrieval Date: July 22nd, 2023. https://www.si.edu/object/siris_sil_95122 Citation No. 6: “Anton Frederik Bruun 14. December 1901—13. December 1961” Written By R. Spärck, Published at an Unknown Date. Published by the Ices Journal Of Marine Science. Retrieval Date: July 22nd, 2023. https://watermark.silverchair.com/27-2-121.pdf? Strategic Partnerships Reel Guppy Outdoors Our Loyal Patrons Ms. Paloma Rodriguez Ochoa

The Oceans Surrounding The Italian Village Of Maiori Today’s article shall discuss the oceans surrounding the town of Maiori, Italy. Maiori is a small town along the Amalfi coastline, in the province of Salerno. It is famous for its large lemon production, as well as its incredibly old chapels. It is an inexpensive resort town & has been since the roman times. 2 anonymous sponsors decided to graciously donate us money in order to go to Maiori & conduct various experiments. During the 5th of September, we will publish an article on the various experiments we conducted & research data we collected. These articles will be published under our newest newsletter, which is named “The Persaud Catalogue: Scientific Journal of Marine Biology”. This will be the first publication under that newsletter. Maiori is also wonderfully inexpensive so this makes it a day trip destination. It is also possible one of the best places to go marine-creature watching in the province of Salerno. It has a rich history that ties in to a twin town that is nearby, known as Minori. Maiori has the longest stretch of unbroken coastline along the entire Amalfi coast, which makes it a prime location for both coastal & marine life. Maiori is also famous for their delightful various scuba diving tours. The town currently has a bustling coastline in that many marine creatures will choose to live along it. Maiori is located along the Mediterranean sea as well, which means it may have some endemic marine Flora & Fauna. Since it is in the Mediterranean, this also unfortunately means that it will have a higher oceanic population rate then say outside of the Mediterranean. Thankfully, Maiori beach is a very clean beach & litter is not very commonly found there. Maiori is also not a port, so this helps to lower the pollution rate. Maiori somewhat very safe for swimmers, the only unsafe factor is the unfortunate jellyfish invasion. Currently, there is an invasion of Rhizostoma Pulmo (Frilly-Mouthed Jellyfish) along Maiori Beach. They reproduce very quickly so it is incredibly difficult to eradicate them. Our previous article published on the 10th of this month discussed this jellyfish in it’s entirety. If you would like to learn more about that jellyfish & what to do in the case it stings you, please use our navigational feature located at the top of our website to find it. It is titled “The Frilly-Mouthed Jellyfish Of Maiori, Italy”. In this article we will discuss the salinity, tides, temperatures, marine geography, & basic information of the oceans surrounding Maiori, the most prominent ecosystems of the oceans surrounding Maiori, the documented marine flora & fauna of Maiori, & finally, How the oceanic resources of Maiori have been utilized & how it had effected the oceanic environment. With that being said, let us delve into the oceans surrounding the town of lemons. The Salinity, Tides, Temperatures, Marine Geography, & Basic Information Of The Oceans Surrounding Maiori Since Maiori is located in the Mediterranean Sea, it would have a higher salinity then say in the Indian Ocean. This is mainly due to the Atlantic being the ocean filtering into the Mediterranean. The Atlantic is the ocean with the highest salinity as of 2023. The actual salinity of Maiori has not been measured officially. Salt deposits / Brine Pools may be more common around the island due to the higher salinity. They are most certainly salt deposits around the town as it has the salinity of the Mediterranean is extremely high. The salinity levels of the Mediterranean sea at any given time are between 38 parts per thousand & 40 parts per thousand. Salinity is measured in 1,000 grams of water. For every 1000 grams of water there will be a certain number of grams that are pure salt. This is how salinity or saline level is measured. There are also no on going factors that would lead the salinity level being altered. Additionally, there are no salt-water rivers nearby. The tide charts for Maiori can be found on a multitude of websites, however these sites are the easiest to navigate: https://www.tide-forecast.com , https://www.tidetime.org , https://www.tideschart.com , & finally https://surf-reports.com . The tide seems to never reach over 1.24 meters (4.068241 feet). Maiori beaches do not have riptides of any kind, meaning that it is safe for swimmers. The oceanic temperature of Maiori beach is also found on a plethora of websites, however the easiest to navigate is https://seatemperature.net . The average annual oceanic temperature of Maiori Beach is 66° Fahrenheit (18.8889° Celsius). beach is generally safe for swimmers, however there is a jellyfish invasion, the jellyfish species is Rhizostoma Pulmo. This makes it dangerous as this jellyfish can & will sting you if provoked. They are rather large & easy to spot so this makes the chance of being stung less. The pollution rate is minimal as Maiori is not as high in tourism as say Naples or Rome. Also, littering is considered a taboo in Maiori so oftentimes people will not litter. The deepest oceanic point within 5 Nautical / Marine miles (5.7539 miles or 9.26 kilometers) of Maiori is 2,343.5 feet (714.2988 meters) deep. There is only 1 beach in Maiori, & that is Maiori Beach. Maiori beach is the largest beach in the Amalfi coast & it is currently the longest piece of unbroken coastline along the Amalfi coast. There are no oceanic mounds close by Maiori & the oceanic floor that is not along the coast is very flat aside from small rock formations. Maiori’s ocean floor is mainly composed of rock & compressed sand. There is coral along the coast however it is sparse throughout this area. As of 2023 there are no known marine protected areas that are in or close by Maiori. The Most Prominent Marine Ecosystems Of The Oceans Surrounding Maiori Seagrass Meadows Seagrass meadows are semi-common along the Maiori Coastline. The most common seagrass species around the coastline of Maiori is Posidonia Oceanica. It is endemic to the Mediterranean. Seagrass meadows usually serve as a fish nursery, a hunting ground, & as shelter. More shall be discussed about Posidonia Oceanica in the section below titled “The Documented Marine Flora Of Maiori, Italy” Seagrass meadows are most commonly found along the coastline, however they can be found most anywhere. Most creatures that are found in this area are small & migratory. These types ecosystems in abundance in Maiori, Italy. Tidal / Coastal Areas Tidal areas are the areas closest to the coastline, of the beaches. These areas will usually hold rock pools in which small crustaceans will live. Oftentimes, there will not be very many life forms along the beach. Creatures such as crabs or molluscs may be found either on the beach or in small rock formations on the beach. These areas are constantly changing as in these areas waves will disrupt the ecosystem. The ecosystem also depends on whether it is high or low tide. Often, if it is high tide then more species will be entering & exiting the ecosystem. If it is low tide then more species will be staying in one area in the ecosystem. Fringing Coral Reefs There aren’t exactly proven to be coral reefs specifically along Maiori. In the nearby town of Torrel de Greco, coral is found in abundance. However Torrel del Greco is 41.2 kilometers away. The existence of coral reefs in Maiori has yet to be proven or disproven. The Most Prominent Documented Marine Flora Of Maiori, Italy The extent of the oceanic flora is very limited in Maiori. The only documented species of seagrass in Maiori is Posidonia Oceanica (Neptune Grass / Mediterranean Tapeweed). Posidonia Oceanica is a species of seagrass endemic to the Mediterranean. This species of seagrass will produce a fruit that often washes up on Maiori beaches. This fruit is often known as the “Olive of the Sea”. They usually will only grow in large patches, & it is rare to find a small patch of this species. Their fruits are also known as Neptune balls & will often wash up along the coastline. They often plague the beaches & make for a strange sight to see. This species is undoubtedly the most important one to not only Maiori, but to Italy as a whole. The interesting thing about this species is that it is able to absorb carbon dioxide in huge droves. This species is able to soak up 15 more times carbon dioxide then a similar sized piece of the Amazon Rainforest in South America. Their fruits are also important as they are basically just dense balls of dead Neptune grass leaves. These dense balls are able to trap plastics within them & then carry these plastics to the shoreline where people are able to discard of them. These species is not threatened with extinction as of 2023. Posidonia Oceanica is usually bright green, however it may turn brown as it ages. It usually grows between 7.87402 inches (20.0000108 centimeters) & 15.748 inches (39.99992 centimeters) tall. It also grows usually to be 10 millimeters (0.393701 inches or 1 centimeter) wide. Other then this species, there are practically no other seagrass species found along the coastline of Maiori. The Most Prominent Documented Marine Fauna Of Maiori, Italy Maiori has an eclectic array of oceanic species, mainly due to its position in the Mediterranean. Marine fauna are extremely attracted to west Italy due to its propitious location. Not only that, but this region has an extremely high density of seagrass. This high volume of seagrass means that most marine herbivores have an abundance of food. This in turn attracts many marine herbivores. Also Maiori has an extremely low pollution rate so this provides a clean oceanic environment. Additionally, littering is extremely looked down upon in Italy, so much so that if one is caught littering they may be fined between 30€ & 150€. This high fine discourages most people from littering, which keeps the oceanic environment & coastal environment clean. Also, it is important to note that most creatures are not found here full time, & will often migrate throughout Italian waters or the Mediterranean. They will often do this seasonally or annually for either feeding purposes or birthing purposes. This makes it so that seasonally, some ecosystems will not have many creatures as it should. There are no known endemic species to specifically Maiori, Italy. For the purposes of this article I will not be including wading birds, such as flamingos which are found in Maiori, Italy. We will also not be including micro-organisms or tunicates. Also, for clarification purposes, these are all creatures found within 10 nautical miles (11.5078 miles or 18.52 kilometers) from Maiori, Italy. With that being said, the following is a list of the most prominent marine species found around Maiori, Campania, Italy: Rhizostoma Pulmo (Frilly Mouthed Jellyfish), Balaenoptera Physalus (Fin Whale), Ziphius Cavirostris (Cuiver’s Beaked Whale), Physeter Macroephalus (Sperm Whale), Globiphala Melas (Long-finned pilot whale), Pseudorca Crassidens (False Killer whale), Grampus Griseus (Risso’s dolphin), Steno Bredanensis (Rough-toothed dolphin), Tursoips Truncatus (Common Bottle-nosed dolphin), Stenella Coeruleoalba (Striped dolphin), Delphinus Delphis (Short-Beaked common dolphin), Orcinus Orca (Orca / Killer Whale), Muraena Helena (Mediterranean Moray Eel), Anguilla Anguilla (European Eel), Gobius Fallax (Sarato’s Goby), Gobius Cruentatus (Red-mouthed Goby), Gobius Cobitis (Giant Goby), Gobius Incognitus (Incognito Goby), Diphodus Annularis (Annualar Seabream), Diphodus Vulgaris (Common Two-banded sea-bream), Lichia Amia (Leerfish), Chromis Chromis (Mediterranean Damselfish), Parablennius Pilicornis (Ringneck Blenny), Tripterygion Tripteronotum (Red-black triplefin), Thalassoma Pavo (Ornate Wrasse), Coris Julius (Mediterranean Rainbow Wrasse), Symphodus Cinereus (Grey wrasse), Symphodus Tinca (East Atlantic Peacock Wrasse), Serranus Scriba (Painted Comber), Serranus Cambrilla (Comber), & finally Scorpaena Porcus (Black Scorpionfish). How The Oceanic Resources Of Maiori Have Been Utilized & How It Has Effected The Oceanic Environment The most common way the oceanic resources of Maiori have been utilized is through fishing & tourism. Maiori has an abundance of fish so it is a hotspot for mainly non-commercial fishing. This effects the populations of various fish species. This also could cause various food chain issues, which could result in an environmental crisis similar to the crown of thorns crisis on the island of Tutuila, American Samoa. Oftentimes, tourists will also use the beaches for their various purposes. This however, doesn’t necessarily damage the marine environment. There is also a port located in the Maiori Harbour, so this causes boat fuels to be released into the water. This makes the water become toxic to the fish & then the fish will die if to much boat run-off is released. Directories / Credits https://www.britannica.com/place/Mediterranean-Sea/Hydrologic-features-and-climate https://www.kew.org/plants/neptune-grass#:~:text=Neptune%20grass%20forms%20larges%20undersea,m%20long%20and%2010mm%20wide. https://www.inaturalist.org/check_lists/10954-Campania-Check-List?page=4 Strategic Partnerships Reel Guppy Outdoors Our Loyal Patrons Ms. Ochoa

Ode To Oceanography: Antique Chart Of The Entirety Of New England This article is a part of the Ode to Oceanography Series. This series will publish on the 15th of every month, until we run out of antique nautical maps to analyze, though that will not be for many decades. Once that happens, we will keep the series running, but we will change the article format. In these articles, will take an antique nautical map & analyze it in its entirety. These maps will not strictly be on open oceanic waters, they may be on rivers or occasionally, bays. We will also discuss the methods that may have been used to make the map, considering the time period, & the country of origin. These maps will come from a variety of sources, though they will mainly come from Maps Of Antiquity, a wonderful New England map shop. These maps will come from varying time periods, & will not be in any particular historical order. Todays Map being analyzed is a map of the coast of New England, circa 1757. This map encompasses the entirety of coastal New England, & the entirety of Nova Scotia. This map is one of the few preserved maps of its time, & it has never once been restored. Since Nova Scotia has coastline approximately 13,000 kilometers (8077.8255 miles) of coastline, Maine has a coastline of approximately 3,478 miles (2161.75 kilometers), & the rest of New England has approximately 2,033 miles (3271.7964 kilometers) of coastline. That gives this map approximately 13,588.8255 miles of coastline. In this article we will discuss the map itself & the translation of certain sections of the map, & a surface level analysis on this antique nautical map. With that being said let us delve into the New England Coastline. The Map Itself This map is incredibly detailed, with an impressive amount of depth. Since there is french on it, it is our duty to translate the article into English. The top emblem says in its first half, “Carte Reduite des Costes Orientales de l'Amerique Septentrionale”, which translates to “Reduite map of the Eastern Costes of North America”. In its second half, it is much to blurry to make out what it actually states. It does outline a few topographical features, such as mountains, along with a few valleys as well. A Surface Level Analysis Of The Map This map was made in the year 1757, which would have been during the time when America, was not yet its own country. It is currently unclear where exactly this map was found, or made which country this map was made in. Since the map is in french, it was most likely made in Canada, or Paris, as Paris was the core city of cartography at the time. It is also unclear who exactly this map was made by, though it was most likely British, rather then American sailors. This map encompasses the entirety of New England, as well as Nova Scotia. It unfortunately has no sea monsters, or things such as the legendary Champ monster, outlined on the map. The map is extremely accurate, aside from a few minor proportional issues in relation to a few New Englander islands. This map does not have an official name, but the top piece of the emblem could be interpreted as a name, or title of sorts. There are no wave, or wind patterns on this map, though that is to be expected due to the time of the maps making. There are one of 2 ways this map could have been made. Either, it was directly hand drawn & coloured, meaning that it is one of kind, which is quite plausible to the many overlapping lines, & extraordinary detail. Alternatively, it could have been made the traditional way, & been mass produced. In this technique, there are 5 jobs, the mapmaker, the engraver, the printer, the papermaker, & the colourist. The first step in this process is that the mapmaker will go out & make a hand-drawn map of the area where the map will encompass. Effectively, the mapmaker is the informant who makes the first copy. After this, the engraver will create a design of the map in reverse on a metal, usually copper, surface. Usually there would only be 1-2 plates used, however it differs depending on the size of the map. After the copper plate is made, the printer will heat the copper panel, & then proceed to lather it with ink. They will then wipe the copper panel down to the point where ink is only on the grooves of the panel. Then after this, the printer will press damp paper onto the ink, & hang it up to dry. To conclude, the colourist will touch up the map & decorate it by adding in details, such as shorelines & shoals. Out of the 2, it seems that it was hand drawn, & it is one of a kind or one of very few ever made. Directories / Credits All credit for this map analyzed today goes to Maps Of Antiquity, a wonderful New England map shop. To purchase this map, & any other maps, please visit mapsofantiquity.com . To be clear, this is not an advertisement for Maps Of Antiquity, as we do not have a partnership with them. Strategic Partnerships Reel Guppy Outdoors Our Loyal Patrons Ms. Paloma Rodriguez Ochoa

The Frilly-Mouthed Jellyfish Of Maiori, Italy (Rhizostoma Pulmo) This month’s article series will discuss the quaint town along the Amalfi coast known as Maiori. Maiori is a small town along the Amalfi coastline, in the province of Salerno. It is famous for its large lemon production, as well as its incredibly old chapels. It is an inexpensive resort town & has been since the roman times. 2 anonymous sponsors decided to graciously donate us money in order to go to Maiori & conduct various experiments. During the 5th of September, we will publish an article on the various experiments we conducted & research data we collected. These articles will be published under our newest newsletter, which is named “The Persaud Catalogue: Scientific Journal of Marine Biology”. This will be the first publication under that newsletter. Maiori is also wonderfully inexpensive so this makes it a day trip destination. It is also possible one of the best places to go marine-creature watching in the province of Salerno. It has a rich history that ties in to a twin town that is nearby, known as Minori. Maiori has the longest stretch of unbroken coastline along the entire Amalfi coast, which makes it a prime location for both coastal & marine life. Maiori is also famous for their delightful various scuba diving tours. The town currently has a bustling coastline in that many marine creatures will choose to live along it. One of the main creatures found along the coast, is the Frilly-Mouthed Jellyfish. The Frilly-Mouthed Jellyfish is a 59 inch long jellyfish species that lives along the Amalfi coast. If is most often seen in colours of blue, pink, & violet. It is extremely large & is one of the largest jellyfish to live in the northern Sea. They are not extremely aggressive & their sting is not very painful, however it is best to avoid contact with them if possible. They are unfortunately, invading Italian waters. There are very many of them in Italian waters, & there are not exactly supposed to be that many. They are reproducing very quickly, & also enjoy coastal habitats over open oceanic habitats. This makes it so that they crowd the beaches during the summer months, which are prime tourist months. This is why, whenever visiting Maiori or villages close by, you should always beware of jellyfish. In this article we will discuss the life of the Frilly-Mouthed Jellyfish, The Mating Tactics, Strategies, Habits, Cycles, & Procedures of the Frilly-Mouthed Jellyfish, The Distribution of the Frilly-Mouthed Jellyfish, The Scientific Detailings of the Frilly-Mouted Jellyfish, & finally what to do in the event that you are stung by the Frilly-Mouthed Jellyfish. With that being said, let us delve into this strange cnidarian. The Life Of The Frilly-Mouthed Jellyfish The Frilly-Mouthed jellyfish was first described in the year 1778. It was described by Johann Friedrich Gmelin. It is unknown how he found the first specimen he came across or which journey he first encountered it on. They will live for 12 months to 20 years before dying. As said in the introductory section of this article, they are usually 16 inches (0.4064 meters or 1.33333 feet) in diameter, & 59 inches (1.4986 meters or 4.91667 feet) long. As a frame of reference, the average Italian lady is 5 feet & 4 inches tall, a mere 5 inches taller then this jellyfish. The approximate average weight of the jellyfish is 25 kilograms (55.1156 pounds), however they can be up to 35 kilograms. This species, is not very intelligent as far as oceanic creatures are concerned. Since Jellyfish are classified under the phylum known as “Cnidaria”, they have do not have a circulatory system, any brain tissue, or a heart. They do have a nervous system though, which is the primary function of theres. This will be further discussed in the section titled: The Scientific Detailings Of The Frilly-Mouthed Jellyfish. Jellyfish have existed for at minimum 500 million years as we know them. However it is currently unknown how old jellyfish or even this species of jellyfish is. There are very few fossil records of jellyfish or this species in particular. They do not show affection or appear to have any sense of memory. They cannot hold any resentment against another past creature that has wronged them. It does not seem to be very territorial or migratory. There is unfortunately very little documentation on their migratory patterns. They are social creatures &, they will hunt & live in groups of various sizes. They often will have colonies with each other, & it is uncommon to find a singular Frilly-Mouthed jellyfish. They tend to not interact with humans & to stay in their colonies. They have been captured by humans before both alive & dead. They do sleep in a way, in that they will stop pulsing as frequently & will not move for a while. It is unknown how fast they can swim however it is below 2 centimeters per second. They will catch plankton & immobilize them with their tentacles, then they will put them in their bell shaped mouths & digest them. They are not cannibalistic & only feed on plankton. They metabolism seems to be somewhat slow & they do not seem to hunt very often. They are 30% less active at night so they will usually hunt in the daytime. Unfortunately it is unknown how much they consume per day & how often they will consume food. The main natural predator for this creature is the Leatherback Turtle. So much so, that this species has made the leatherback turtle become endangered. The Jellyfish did this by causing the turtles to believe that plastic waste are jellyfish & then consuming plastic waste. The frilly-mouthed jellyfish is strange in design. The Frilly-Mouthed jellyfish has a long circular bell about 16 inches in diameter. Below them, they have 8 main tentacles & small clusters of thin tentacles around the main 8. Their main body is usually white or ivory in colour, & their tentacles are usually pink & purple. Oftentimes the embellishments are purple on these creatures. The Frilly-Mouthed jellyfish does not have a listing on the IUCN list. This means that it is classified data-deficient. The Mating Tactics, Strategies, Habits, Cycles, & Procedures Of The Frilly-Mouthed Jellyfish Frilly-mouthed Jellyfish do breed via sexual reproduction & asexual reproduction. They are not hermaphroditic & cannot change sexes. They are not monogamous creatures. The females & males both sexually mature at approximately 60 centimeters long. Little is known about the actual mating ritual. After the eggs are fully fertilized & laid, the female & male will abandon their eggs & go off to mate once more. Once the eggs are made the parents will cease to have any involvement with the children. 2 days after being laid & fertilized the eggs will hatch & become free-swimming larvae. There are usually 100 of them laid at once. After the larvae becomes free-swimming, it will become a polyp. These polyps can produce baby jellyfish before they become a full grown jellyfish. A polyp is able to asexually make juvenile jellyfish, & full grown jellyfish are able to sexually make a juvenile jellyfish. They do not have a specific age in which they are the most fertile. The Distribution Of The Frilly-Mouthed Jellyfish The frilly-mouthed jellyfish is found in the Atlantic Ocean. It is most commonly found off the coast of Great Britain & in the North Sea. It is found throughout the Mediterranean, the Sea of Azov, & the Black Sea. They are coastal creatures & for a specific reason. Plankton often washes up along the shoreline of beaches, so these jellyfish will flock there in order to catch & eat the plankton. This is why jellyfish blooms are becoming such a large issue along Italian Coastlines. This Jellyfish is found in somewhat equal population density across everywhere besides the coastal areas of Great Britain. They are found extremely commonly off the coast of Great Britain & in the Irish sea. The Scientific Detailings Of The Frilly-Mouthed Jellyfish The most unique feature of the Frilly-mouthed jellyfish, is there strange assortment of tentacles. Usually, Jellyfish will have many long thick tentacles & then a few smaller tendrils. However, in the case of the frilly-mouthed jellyfish, they have 8 main tentacles & then numerous fine tentacle clumps surrounding their main tentacles. They usually have between 16 & 32 stubby tentacles. Their tentacles longer tentacles also have softer areas on the end, which extend outwards in a bell shape. The tentacles hang just below the mouth, so this gives off the appearance that they are frilly-mouthed. This is most likely where the name “Frilly-Mouthed Jellyfish” originated. This species does sting but their sting is not lethal. Unfortunately, this species of jellyfish’s venom is un-researched. It is unknown exactly what is in their venom. Their phylum is Cnidaria. Cnidaria is phylum that contains approximately 11,000 species, all of which are aquatic. Cnidarians have 2 main bodily forms, these forms are swimming medusae & sessile polyps. These bodily forms are both surrounded by tentacles which are used to carry food towards their mouth. Creatures under the phylum of Cnidaria all have only 1 bodily orifice that is used for respiration, excretion, & digestion. Cnidarians lack brains, hearts, or a circulatory system. They have a decentralized nerve net & function based off of how their nerves perceive things. The majority of cnidarians do not have eyes however some have very simple eyes that detect light. They have very few sensory organs & their most distinguishing feature by far is having the presence of cnidoctyes (nematocysts) which are a specialized type of cell that is used to capture prey & defend against predatory beings. This type of cell holds toxin & is the cell responsible for delivering a sting. Their class is Scyphozoa, or true jellyfish. A defining quality of species categorized under this class is that they are not filter feeders, they instead strain the plankton from the water using their tentacles. Their order is Rhizostomeae. Fauna categorized under this category do not have tentacles as we view them or other structures at the bottom edge of of their bell, they have 8 branched oral arms. Their family is Rhizostomatidae. This is a family of true jellyfish. Their genus is Rhizostoma. Rhizostoma is a genus of semi-large rhizostomatid jellyfish which are found in the Atlantic. Their binomial name is Rhizostoma Pulmo. What To Do In The Event That You Are Stung By A Frilly-Mouthed Jellyfish As a disclaimer, we are not health professionals. These treatments may not work for all sting sites. Step No. 1: Immediately Exit The Water Once you have found out that you have been stung, immediately exit the water. Step No. 2: Get The Remaining Tentacles Off You Immediately Using tweezers & gloves or a cloth covering, carefully remove the tentacles. Do not attempt to scrape them out with your bare hand. Step No. 3 Apply Hot Water On The Sting Site Apply hot water on the stung site. The water should be between 110° to 113° Fahrenheit. If the water feels scalding, do not apply it on the stung site as it will worsen the pain. Make sure the water is not boiling before you apply it. Also, avoid application of cold water to the stung site. Step No. 4 Apply Lidocaine Cream Lidocaine cream is a numbing cream found in a variety of pharmaceutical stores. It is a numbing cream that will help with both the pain & inflammation. It is very useful to have on-hand when going into an area where jellyfish are common. Apply at the sting site sparingly. Step No. 5 Go To A Doctor If Possible Once all these steps are completed, you most likely will not have to visit a doctor. The sting of a Frilly-Mouthed jellyfish is relatively mild & is not lethal. However, you should still see your doctor if you are stung. This step is not necessary but it is advised. Going to a hospital or emergency clinic is not necessary for this kind of sting. Directories / Credits https://www.dorsetwildlifetrust.org.uk/wildlife-explorer/marine/anemones-and-corals/barrel-jellyfish https://www.inaturalist.org/guide_taxa/962008 https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/jellyfish-stings/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353290 Strategic Partnerships Reel Guppy Outdoors Our Loyal Patrons Ms. Ochoa

This article is a part of our second newsletter titled, The Persaud Catalogue Scientific Journal of Marine Biology. In this journal, we will publish information concerning the various marine flora & fauna of certain places. This newsletter, will publish sporadically, & not on a timed basis like The Persaud Catalog. This journal is in affiliation with The Persaud Catalog, however it is a separate entity. In this article, we will state all of the most prominent species of Marine Flora in Ranchos Palos Verdes that were found. We will state the density of these species, the place where it was found the most, & a detailed description of the species. Please note, this was done with the correct permits, do not attempt to imitate this survey without being aware of the permits necessary to do so. On July 15th, we sent out 2 field agents out to Abalone Cove Beach in order to survey all seagrass species in the cove. We have took the coordinates & a sample of certain of these species, in order to study them. They discovered that there are 2 species of seagrass found in the ocean around the cove, which are Zostera Marina (Common Eelgrass / Seawrack) & Macrocystis Pyfiera (Bladder Kelp / Giant Kelp). Due to this article being public, there is now an official log as to all the seagrass & seaweed species found in Abalone Cove. To be clear, this is a survey that will only be conducted once, & not yearly like the Malibu surveys. This survey is a stand alone study. With that being said, let us delve into the seagrasses of Ranchos Palos Verdes Beach. The Initial Survey Of Abalone Cove Beach All specimens were found at approximately 5:34 PM on July 15th. This was closer to low tide, so more specimens were available for examination. At this time, the tide was rising, so that may effect the results of today’s survey. Below are the results of the Seagrass Survey conducted on July 15th, 2023. Seagrass Species No. 1: Zostera Marina (Common Eelgrass / Seawrack) This specimen was the second most prominent on the beach, but was found extremely rarely. We could only find small specimens of this wrapped around clumps of Macrocystis. This species is extremely easy to identify as it is long, thin, & green. It was found at the coordinates of Latitude 33°44’32” North, & Longitude 118°22’51” West, wrapped up in a large piece of Macrocystis Pyfiera. This species was only really found in the central areas of the cove. Zostera Marina usually has leaves as thick as 0.47 inches (1.1938). Our specimen of this species was approximately 50 inches (127 centimeters) long. Unfortunately, it was not attached to any sort of root, so the true length of the main plant it came from is unknown. It seemed to have snapped off from its main stem, though we cannot confirm this. Usually, the stem & root of the seagrass is white. This species is a true seagrass, meaning it grows rooted on the seafloor, like a grass. This species usually grows in water of 10 meters (32.8084) or less. Seagrass Species No. 2: Macrocystis Pyfiera (Giant Kelp / Bladder Kelp) This specimen was the most prominent on the beach by a large margin. There were large clumps of it in certain areas, but some areas were completely barren. Due to the presence of the large seaweed matts further out at sea, seaweed usually doesn’t wash ashore, it instead becomes tangled in large matts that float on the surface. This specimen was found at the coordinates of Latitude 33°44’32” North, & Longitude 118°22’51” West. This species was found littered all around the cove, in huge quantities. This species in the highest density in the sandy portions, & & intertidal areas of the beach. It was found extremely rarely in the rocky areas of the cove. Our specimen of this species was approximately 10.5 inches (26.67 centimeters) long. Commonly, this species will grow off the coast in large forests. One of our field agents discovered that these forests were present approximately 100 feet off of the shore. This species is characterized by its massive leaves, long blades, & its air filled fruits that grow off the edge of the blades. This species is the worlds largest species of marine algae. Since it is a seaweed, it does not have roots, it instead grows on a holdfast in a large canopy, in intertidal zones. Strategic Partnerships Reel Guppy Outdoors Our Loyal Patrons Ms. Paloma Rodriguez Ochoa

The Documented History Of Barcelona, Spain Today’s article will discuss the history of the the Spanish city known as Barcelona. We went on an expedition to Barcelona in order to do some seagrass related research & things of that nature. Results from this will be published in a new journal of ours called “The Persaud Catalogue: Scientific Journal of Marine Biology”. It will be located on this same website & will just be published in a different area of the website. For more information please look at the article titled “Major Announcement: The Persaud Catalogue: Scientific Journal Of Marine Biology”, published on March 17th. Barcelona is a city in Spain, located on the Mediterranean Sea. It is attached to mainland Spain & it is not apart of an island. The city is known largely for its superb beaches, beautiful artworks, & architectural features. However, Barcelona offer much more then just an exciting city, it has absolutely wonderful areas to snorkel in. Barcelona has a vast selection of marine life, this is largely due to the favourable weather conditions of the areas surrounding Barcelona. It is also extremely active marine wise, with many species being brightly coloured & high in population. For example, whale sightings are very common off the coast of Barcelona from March to October. Also, jellyfish enjoy invading the beaches of Barcelona during the summer months. Barcelona’s history dates back the Neolithic age. It has had very many wars as well as many triumphs. It has had to deal with many religious conflicts as well, especially by the muslims. The oceanic resources have been used since the very beginning of Barcelona. Especially in the way of fishing & transportation, as Barcelona is a coastal city. We will be only including the information that is available to the public domain. We will also, not be including the history of the entirety of Spain, only Barcelona. We will also only be including history on what are considered modern Barcelonian borders. If the city was once larger & then had land taken from it, we will not include the history of that land. In this article we shall discuss the documented history of Barcelona, both before & after Colonization, information on the aboriginals of Barcelona, the most destructive natural & man-caused disasters to ever affect Barcelona, & finally, the economic state of Barcelona. The Documented History Of Barcelona, Spain Before Colonization By The United Spanish & Romans The earliest human remains discovered in Barcelona, date back to 2500 B.C. However, the earliest human settlements were not thought to be established until 2000 B.C at the earliest & 1500 B.C at the latest. After Colonization By The Romans The romans formally invaded the area in 218 B.C. They established themselves on Montjüic nearby the village of Laye, where they built a fortress. During Augustus Caesar rule, the romand was moved from Montjüic to Mont Tàber. This is where Plaça de Sant Jaume currently resides. This place was originally called Barcino, which is believed to have eventually evolved into the name Barcelona. The 300’s During this century, Barcino was destroyed by various germanic tribes. After this, Barcino was reconstructed & fortified with a 100,000 square meter (1076391.0420000001 square feet) wall. This shows that the romans were extremely invested in the city, it also shows the cities meaning to them. The 400’s In the year 415 the Visigoths led by Ataulf attacked Barcino after crossing the Pyrenees fleeing from Southern Gaul. Barcelona was then promptly declared the seat of Ataulf’s court for a brief period of time before he was murdered & the capital was moved to Toulouse, France. According to a Latin poet by the name of Rufo Fest Avieno who was born at the later half of the 4th century, Barcelona was home to 2 Iberian villages. One was located on Mont Tàber & unfortunately its name is unknown. This village was thought to have been called Barcilo Barcinom, of Barkeno. These various names were thought to be the origin of the name Barcelona. The other small township was named Laye & was located on Montjüic. This was inhabited by the Laietani peoples. The 500’s The Visigoths still controlled Barcelona during this time. The Visigoths were a group of north germanic people who united themselves under the rule of a king. The 600’s The Visigoths still controlled Barcelona during this time. At this point the Visigoths have controlled Barcelona for 2 centuries. After Colonization By The Muslims / Moors The 700’s The Visigoths controlled Barcelona until 717. This means that they controlled Barcelona for a total of 3 centuries. Between the years of 717 & 718 the Moors captured all of Barcelona. The Moors then ruled for the rest of the century. These Moors were Muslim & this is the time when Barcelona was ruled by the Muslims. In 758 the local Walï declared independence from the emirate of Cordoba which was ruled by the Umayyed dynasty. To declare this independence, he had to ally with the french. There ended up being a struggle for power between the Muslims & the Carolingians, & the Carolingians won. They ended up fully capturing Barcelona in 801. After Colonization By The Carolingians The 800’s In 801, Louis the Pious won the war against the Muslims & declared Barcelona to be under-rule of the Carolingian empire. The Carolingian empire was a family of French aristocrats who established an empire throughout western Europe. The empire lasted from 750 to 887 A.D. The name is thought to be from many family members who bore the name, Charles. The Franks formed it into the County of Barcelona, thereby integrating the Spanish denominations into the Carolingian Empire. To be clear, the Carolingians are the french. This original county was extremely small plot of land bordering the County of Girona & the County of Osona. In the year 803, the french named Bera who was a gothic tycoon, the first count of Barcelona. For this entire century, the county was directly ruled by various appointed french counts. The County of Barcelona suffered many raids by the Islamic during the years 827, 850, 852, & 856. In the year 878 Louis the stammerer named Wilfred / Wifred the Hairy, the count of both Barcelona & the neighbouring city of Girona. He was also named the count of several other counties such as Sardina & Urgell. He was count of Barcelona from 878-897, he led Barcelona to play a leading role in Catalonia during that time. After this, the new Count of Barcelona was Wilfred the II. Who was coincidentally, the son of the previous count. He was also known as Borell II. Wilfred the II ruled from 897 to 911 A.D. it is important to note that at this point, the title “Count Of Barcelona” become hereditary. The 900’s After this, the Count of Barcelona was Sunyer, one of Wilfreds sons. He was also the count of Girona & Ausona from 911 to 947 A.D. During Sunyer’s rule, he extended his influence to Ebro Delta. His successors were ended up being vassals for the muslims, yet they did not prevent the various raids by them. The worst of these raids took place in the year 965. 2 decades later in the year 985, Almanzor the chancellor of the Umayyad caliphate of Córdoba, launched a mass assault on the city & destroyed it. The 1000’s The next major Barcelonian count was known as Berenguer Ramon the Hunchback I. He ruled from 1017 to 1031 A.D. It was with him that success came to the county, as he put it in a more powerful & important position. He expanded the county farther south & prevented other counties such as Sardinia, Urgell, & Pallars from expanding. After him was count Ramon Berenguer I the old. He governed from 1035 to 1026 A.D. Soon after, Count Ramon Berenguer II wanted to conquer the county of Valencia, but Cid convinced him not to. The 1100’s Towards the beginning of the century, Count Ramon Berenguer III married the heiress for the county of Provence. Due to this, the County Of Barcelona temporarily began a strong alliance in which they would expand internationally together. In the year 1114, the counties temporarily captured the Mallorca. Unfortunately, this union was dissolved upon the death of the Count Ramon Berenguer III. In the year 1137 Ramon Berenguer IV, to avoid Castile, he decided to marry Petronila who was the daughter of Ramiro II of Aragon. When they wed, they united the county of Barcelona was intergrated into the Aragon crown. After Colonization By Aragon Crown The 1200’s The union of the kingdom of Aragon & the county of Barcelona caused the expansion of Barcelona to be sped up throughout Catalonia. Soon after the unification, Barcelona became the economic & political capital of the Aragon crown. Barcelona was often the city of choice when celebrations were held within the Aragon kingdom. Not only was Barcelona an important city nationally, however it was important to the entire Mediterranean. This was due to the crown of Aragon being one of the main superpowers of its time. King James established the municipality of Barcelona in the year 1249. Wealth at this point was plentiful & in abundance. It remained in this way until 1333 A.D. The 1300’s During the year 1333, prosperity was demolished by a large famine that killed thousands of people, coupled with the plague that killed the people. This plague did not leave the city until the 16th century. This plague severely stunted the Barcelona’s growth. After Colonization By The United Spanish The 1400’s During the year 1401, the first bank was founded. This bank was known as the Canvis Taula. During this century, things went went severely downhill. There were many economic difficulties such as inflation, & prices exceeding wages. Due to this economic crisis, some of the trading agreements were lost. During this time, 2 factions began to form in the city. Many trading agreements at this time were signed with the county of Valencia as it could provide a more stable trade. With the currency being devalued, the textile industry became practically non-existent in Barcelona. At this time there was also a “war of the remences” in which peasants went against their lords. On October 19th 1469, Isabel of Castile & Ferdinand II of Aragon were married. This created an effective unification of Spain. Once married, the 2 unified their kingdoms. This caused Barcelona to have an economic downturn as once unified, the city of Castile became more powerful. Barcelona also lost importance due to unification. 1500’s There were very few major events that happened in Barcelona during this century. 1600’s Barcelona ended up developing a naval industry, as a small naval base was built in the county. It also was in a prosperous economic area again as it benefited from the various metal tradings between Seville & Genoa. At this point they also started using a pure copper coin. In the year 1609 they founded the Banc de la Ciudat. Unfortunately, this was short lived as soon afterwards it faced economic downturn again. This was did not get any better in the next century over either. They also suffered from bandits constantly invading the land. The Reapers war caused many casualties, which resulted in a massive population loss in Barcelona. The Reapers war also known as the Catalan revolt, was a conflict between the principality of Catalonia & France. This ended in some land being given to the french in a Treaty & a stalemate. They effectively took half of the northern area of Catalonia. The 1700’s The economy of Barcelona absolutely plummeted from where it was before due to the Spanish war of succession which began in the year 1701 & ended in 1715. This war of succession caused many rivalries in Europe as everyone was fighting on one of 2 sides. The Crown of Aragon & Barcelona were in favour of having the Hapsburgs as the monarchs. These entities both promised the Hapsburgs that they would keep their privileges. However, unfortunately Catalonia was passed to the Bourbons & the Hapsburgs were eliminated from Spanish royalty. Of course, after seeing so much war & having existing economic difficulties, Barcelona went effectively bankrupt. Once the city was conquered by the Spanish & French, it was found in complete & utter ruin. The new king of Spain & the first Bourbon king, was Phillip V. Once he began his rule he began a radical cultural transformation of Catalonia. In the year 1716 Phillip V issued the Nueva Planta Decree. This decree was to unify his Spanish empire & eliminate local jurisdiction. After Barcelona’s effective bankruptcy, it began to trade with the newly established America. This completely transformed the city from dust to luxury & the city became extremely prosperous. It also became a major city for manufacturing textiles, this caused many workers to immigrate to Barcelona. The 1800’s In the year 1848, the first railroad was inaugurated into Barcelona. Since many more workers were immigrating, higher expenses came for companies. This was not liked so oftentimes it seems, Barcelonian workers were paid unfair wages. This led to the first workers strike in the year 1854. However, this ended up leading to many decades of economic strength rather then weakness. By 1872 Barcelona had experienced the three Carlist wars, the state of siege, various strikes & barricades, & the war of independence, which made social tensions high. However, the arrival of complete restoration to the city brought peace & calmness to the social tensions of the city. It also brought a golden age for the city in economic, & artistic words. Soon afterwards in the year 1886, the trams became electrified which enabled better transportation. Naturally, to accommodate this larger avenues were built & numerous buildings along side them. The 1900’s Towards the end of the 19th century & going into the 20th century, Barcelona became a city of the modernist movement art & architecture wise, & this gave Barcelona a distinct personality. In the year 1909 Barcelona had a so called “Tragic Week”, in which there was a serious work disturbance over the way soldiers were being recruited for the Moroccan war. During World War 1, Barcelona’s economy & overall bourgeoisie was improved dramatically. At the end of a war, arose a cultural crisis between the Spanish anarchists & the bosses. In the year 1929, Barcelona’s global status was improved when it hosted its second international exhibition. Soon after this, during 1936, the Spanish civil war started. Barcelona was officially on the republican’s side so it received many bombings at the hands of the nationalists. After the civil war Barcelona grew its industrial sector largely. It grew rapidly between the years of 1960 & 1975. When the dictatorship of General Franco fell & the era of democracy came about, Barcelona reclaimed its Generalitat, & became the official capital of Catalonia. Barcelona received another economic boom & in no small part due to to the Spanish entering into European Union, was able to host & organize the 1992 Olympics. The Documented Aboriginals Of Barcelona, Spain There were so very many empires & various kingdoms that have taken over Barcelona that it is unclear as to who exactly were the aboriginals. This is why unfortunately, we cannot give any information on the aboriginals as it is unclear as to who exactly the aboriginals are. The Most Destructive Natural & Man-Caused Disaster That Have Affected Barcelona, Spain For the purpose of this article we will not be including wars, or protests on this list as there are to many of them to say which one was the most destructive. No. 1: Rubí River Flash Floods Of 1962 The flash floods in the Rubí / Ruby river were a severe flash flooding event that took place in the Ruby River, which is located in Barcelona. It is thought to have been the worst flash flooding event in Spanish history. It caused the casualty toll of a confirmed 800, those are only the confirmed deaths. It was largely caused by 200 millimeters (0.656168 feet or 0.2 meters) of rain that fell within the span of 2 hours & poor flood planning. There were many floodplains along the river in which people would live, this is what led to the high number of casualties in the accident. The Economic State Of Barcelona, Spain Barcelona is an economically enriched city & has a stable economy. Barcelona generated approximately 35% of all G.D.P in Catalonia. Barcelona is heavily service based as 89.9% of their economy stems from services. It is mainly based on tourism, retail, commerce, & communication. They have a decently large variety of economic industries to offer in Barcelona. The majority of exports from Barcelona are in the energy & industrial sector. They are most often being shipped to Italy, France, & Germany. Barcelona also uses the Euro just as the rest of Spain does. The average G.D.P per capita is currently 16,270 U.S.D (14,967.11 Euro). The unemployment rate of Barcelona also seems to be decreasing over the last 7 years. There is a current 13.1% total unemployment rate. This rate will most certainly drop lower sooner as Barcelona recently made a public plan that will the way for 120,000 new jobs by 2030. The jobs will be created in the digital & green sector. Directories / Credits https://www.barcelonaturisme.com/wv3/en/page/43/history-of-barcelona.html https://www.introducingbarcelona.com/history https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022169418307157 https://upcommons.upc.edu/bitstream/handle/2117/176100/flash%20flood_4thVersion.pdf https://urbanresiliencehub.org/city-economy/barcelona/ https://www.politico.eu/sponsored-content/barcelona-explains-its-new-economic-model-for-2030/amp/ Strategic Partnerships Reel Guppy Outdoors Our Loyal Patrons Ms. Ochoa

Marine Hall Of Distinction: Doctor Nancy Knowlton This article is a part of our collection known as the Marine Hall Of Distinction. It is a different series from our main monthly series & has no connection to the main monthly series. In this special collection we will discuss marine biologists who we feel have served marine biology & oceanography the most. We do this in order to commemorate these marine biologists & to show gratitude for everything they have contributed to our oceans. This collection has no relation to the main months series. This series publishes on the 25th of every month, shortly after our article on the oceanic environment of a certain region on the 20th. Our marine biologist for this months article, is Doctor Nancy Knowlton. Nancy Knowlton is an American marine biologist, that specializes in Reef Biology & the study of Ocean Acidification. She is a pioneer in the study of reef conservation, & she founded the Center for Marine Biodiversity & Conservation, whose website is as follows: https://cmbc.ucsd.edu/ . Unfortunately, very little is known about her personal life, other then her marital status & a few select other things, but her impact on the field has been so tremendous, that we cannot in good conscious not write an article on her. She currently is the author of one book, titled: Citizens of the Sea: Wondrous Creatures from the Census of Marine Life. It was published in partnership with National Geographic, as their photographers are credited with taking all species photographs for the book. In this article, we will discuss the Early Personal Life & Education Of Nancy Knowlton, The Later Personal Life, & Career Of Nancy Knowlton, & Nancy Knolton’s Awards, Honourables, Achievements & Accomplishments. With that being said, let us delve into Wondrous, Mrs. Nancy Knowlton. The Early Personal Life & Education Of Nancy Knowlton Nancy Knowlton was born on May 30th of 1949, in the state of Illinois. She has stated in an interview that, “I have been interested in science for as long as I can remember. My grandfather was a medical doctor who loved to tease me with scientific enigmas & taught me to fish, and although my parents were not scientists or academics, they always supported me. I still vividly remember the thrill as a kid of seeing the rings of Saturn through my telescope & watching Sputnik cross the sky.” It seems that a major inspiration for her was her grandfather. Aside from this, little else is known about her life before becoming a professional. The Later Personal Life & Career Of Nancy Knowlton Nancy Knowlton attended, & graduated from Harvard University for her undergraduate degree, an AB in Biology. She then attended University of California, Berkeley for her P. h.D in Zoology, where she studied with her colleague Roy Caldwell. She then took a post doctoral fellowship with the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, with Geoff Parker. In the year 1979, she became a professor at Yale University, where she remained until 1984. Before 1980, she primarily studied Snapping Shrimp, & a few non-coral species. She only really made the switch to studying Coral after the Atlantic Hurricane known as “Hurricane Allen”, which was one of the most powerful hurricanes to date. In the wake of Hurricane Allen the majority of the coral beds were flattened, & eviscerated. In the year 1983, she was married to Jeremy Bradford Cook Jackson, whom she would go on to have 2 children. In the year 1984, she transferred to the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, where she would remain employed until 1998. In the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute which was at the San Blas Station, she worked as a scientist examining coral & various other species. During the course of her employment at this Institution, The United States invaded Panama to depose the then President, Manuel Noriega. Due to the invasion, she was temporarily taken hostage by Manuel Noriega’s military troops, along with her 4 year old daughter & 9 other researchers. While being held hostage they were held at gun point & marched across the continental divide. In 1998 she transferred to the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego where she worked as an adjunct professor until 2007. It was here where she founded the Center for Marine Biodiversity & Conservation. In the year 2009, she won the 5th annual Peter Benchley Ocean Award in Excellence in Science. In 2010, she wrote the book titled Citizens of the Sea: Wondrous Creatures from the Census of Marine Life. In the year 2011, she won the 17th Annual Heinz Award, In the Environmental category. She was elected to the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, as well as the U.S National Academy Of Sciences in 2013. In the year 2019, she won the National Marine Sanctuaries Foundation Lifetime Achievement Award. As of 2023, she is the Sant Clair in Marine Science at the Smithsonian National Museum Of Natural History Emerita. Currently, she resides in Brooksville, Maine with her family. Nancy Knowlton’s Awards, Honourables, Achievements, & Accomplishments In the year 2009, she won the 5th annual Peter Benchley Ocean Award in Excellence in Science. In the year 2011, she won the 17th Annual Heinz Award, In the Environmental category. She was elected to the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, as well as the U.S National Academy Of Sciences in 2013. In the year 2019, she won the National Marine Sanctuaries Foundation Lifetime Achievement Award. She wrote, & the majority of the research for the book titled “Citizens of the Sea: Wondrous Creatures from the Census of Marine Life.” She is the Editor in Chief of the Smithsonian’s Oceanic Portal Website. She has discovered numerous species of Coral. She has worked on approximately 114 scientific publications. She is a Aldo Leopold Leadership Fellow. She has served on the American Association for the Advancement & the Coral Reef Alliance. She co-led the census for the Coral Reef Census for the International Census of Marine Life. Directories / Credits Citation 1: “Our People: Nancy Knowlton” Written by Unknown, & Published at an Unknown Date. Published by The Nature Conservancy. Retrieval Date: July 10th, 2023. https://www.nature.org/en-us/about-us/who-we-are/our-people/nancy-knowlton/ Citation 2: “Nancy Knowlton: American Biologist” Written By Unknown, & Published at an Unknown Date. Published By People Pill. Retrieval Date: July 10th, 2023. https://peoplepill.com/people/nancy-knowlton Citation 3: “Corals to Communications: Nancy Knowlton’s Sucess Focusing On The Imminent”, Written by Elizabeth Marino, & Published In August of 2021. Retrieval Date: July 10th, 2023. https://ocean.si.edu/human-connections/careers/corals-communication-nancy-knowltons-success-focusing-imminent Citation 4: “Nancy Knowlton, P.h.D - Publications” Written by Unknown & Published at an Unknown Date. Published by Academic Tree. Retrieval Date: July 10th, 2023. https://academictree.org/mareco/publications.php?pid=37733 Citation 5: “Current Biology, Volume 21, No. 8.” Written by Unclear, & published at an unclear date. Published By the Cell Press. Retrieval Date: July 10th, 2023. https://www.cell.com/current-biology/pdf/S0960-9822(11)00206-5.pdf Strategic Partnerships Reel Guppy Outdoors Our Loyal Patrons Ms. Paloma Rodriguez Ochoa

The Oceans Surrounding Barcelona, Spain Today’s article will discuss the oceans surrounding Barcelona, Spain. We went on an expedition to Barcelona in order to do some seagrass related research & things of that nature. Results from this will be published in a new journal of ours called “The Persaud Catalogue: Scientific Journal of Marine Biology”. It will be located on this same website & will just be published in a different area of the website. For more information please look at the article titled “Major Announcement: The Persaud Catalogue: Scientific Journal Of Marine Biology”, published on March 17th. Barcelona is a city in Spain, located on the Mediterranean Sea. It is attached to mainland Spain & it is not apart of an island. The city is known largely for its superb beaches, beautiful artworks, & architectural features. However, Barcelona offer much more then just an exciting city, it has absolutely wonderful areas to snorkel in. Barcelona has a vast selection of marine life, this is largely due to the favourable weather conditions of the areas surrounding Barcelona. It is also extremely active marine wise, with many species being brightly coloured & high in population. For example, whale sightings are very common off the coast of Barcelona from March to October. Also, jellyfish enjoy invading the beaches of Barcelona during the summer months. This is a sign of a healthy marine environment as it is attracting species rather then repelling them. There are often many different snorkelling expeditions for leisure that one can partake in during the summer months in Barcelona. Many swimmers & other marine watchers go to this coast as it is holds some of the best beaches along the Mediterranean. Barcelona specifically has some of the best beaches along the Spanish coast. Many different other recreational activities take place besides snorkelling, often fishing, swimming, & tide-pooling are very popular amongst the tourists. In this article, we will be discussing the Tides, Temperatures, Salinity, Marine Geography, & Basic Information of the oceans surrounding Barcelona, the most prominent marine ecosystems of the oceans surrounding Barcelona, the documented marine flora of the oceans surrounding Barcelona, the documented marine fauna of the oceans surrounding Barcelona, & finally how the marine resources of the oceans surrounding Barcelona have been utilized, & how ocean acidification is affecting Barcelona. With that being said let us discuss the golden beaches of Barcelona. The Tides, Temperatures, Salinity, Marine Geography, & Basic Information Of The Oceans Surrounding Barcelona Barcelona is a city located along the Mediterranean, it has many different beaches, most notably Barceloneta beach. The exact salinity of the Barcelona beaches has not yet been measured. Since Barcelona rests in the Mediterranean, it is likely that the salinity level is approximately 38 parts per thousand or around that number. Salt deposits or brine pools have not been proven to be in existence around the area, however it is highly likely that they do. Salinity is measured in 1,000 grams. For every 1000 grams of water there will be a certain number of grams that are pure salt. This is how salinity is measured. There are also zero current on going factors that would affect the salinity levels in such a harsh way that the salinity would change. The water temperatures for the beaches of Barcelona can be found on a plethora of websites, but the easiest to navigate are https://seatemperature.net , https://seatemperature.info , https://www.watertemperature.net , & finally https://seatemperatures.net . The average yearly water temperature off the coast of Barceloneta beach is 64° Fahrenheit (17.7778° Celsius). This requires wetsuit thickness of 7.5 centimeters thick or more for colder divers. The tides at Barceloneta beach usually don’t reach over 2.3 feet tall. The tides can also be found on many websites, however the easiest to navigate are https://www.tidetime.org , & https://www.tide-forecast.com . There is not a dangerous presence of riptide, nor is there a high surf often. There is a very low pollution level & the beaches are cleaned daily. This means that during the hot afternoons, the beaches are always in splendid condition. The best beach to visit along Barcelona’s coast is Barceloneta beach. There are a total of 515 marine protected areas in Spain’s waters. The largest one that is close to Barcelona is “ Corredor de migración de cetáceos del Mediterráneo”. This translates to “Mediterranean cetacean migration corridor”. It is 4.6% of Spain’s total marine area & it is represents 35% of all marine protected area in Spain. The deepest oceanic point around Barcelona within 5 Nautical / Marine Miles is 554.5 feet deep. The main things that make up the oceanic floor are mud & sand, & occasionally coral. There are very few oceanic mounts around the place. The Most Prominent Marine Ecosystems Of The Oceans Surrounding Barcelona Please note that these are only ecosystems around Barcelona, not any neighbouring large cities. Also, we will not be including Microsystems for the sake of this article. Tidal Areas These tidal areas are areas along the coast. This includes tide pools & other various areas very close to the coast. These areas are in the tidal zone & they fluctuate depending on the tide. Some tide pools will only be filled at high tide, & become empty during low tide. These areas usually have very small crustaceans such as crabs. Occasionally they also contain sea urchins & small fish that will go in during high tide, stay for low tide, then exit during the next high tide. They will also occasionally have mussels. These ecosystems are very small & are easily disturbed. It is important that when venturing along the coast, one avoids stepping in these tide pools as it could disrupt the ecosystem. These types of ecosystems are found close to the coast. This is a hunting ground for very many marine creatures. Seagrass Meadows Seagrass meadows are self explanatory. There are many areas around Barcelona covered with seaweed & algae of various kinds. These types of ecosystems can be found close to the coast or far offshore. They can be found 2 meters (6.56168 feet) deep to 45 meters (147.638 feet) deep. They are found in the highest density to the north of Barcelona, however they are also found to the south. These ecosystems are important as they play a key role in sucking up Carbon Dioxide. They also produce much oxygen, which helps improve the quality of the water. The main species of seagrass is Posidonia Oceanica. These are most often used as fish nurseries, shelter, & food for various different marine creatures. Fringing Coral Reefs Coral reefs are found close to Barcelona, however they are not as plentiful as they should be. They are found semi-close to the coast. They are used as shelter for many marine creatures. These however, are not tropical corals. These are hard calcified corals, or cold-water corals. This is due to the polyps of the coral producing calcium carbonate, within the ectoderm for the purpose of building a firm skeletal structure for the corals. These coral reefs are unfortunately vulnerable due to the high PH level. This will be explained in more death in our last section of this article, “How The Marine Resources Of The Oceans Surrounding Barcelona Have Been Utilized, & How Ocean Acidification Is Affecting Barcelona”. The hard corals are the main kind, however there are also soft corals. The main species of soft coral that is found is known as the Paramuricea Clavata (Mediterranean Gorgonian). The Documented Marine Flora Of The Oceans Surrounding Barcelona There is not very much diversity around Barcelona. However the seagrass that does exist in Barcelona, is very healthy. The main species of seagrass as of now is Posidonia Oceanica (Neptune Grass / Mediterranean Tapeweed). This is a the primary seagrass & it makes up the majority of the seagrass meadows. This type of seagrass is endemic to the Mediterranean sea, meaning it is only found here. They usually will only grow in large patches, & it is rare to find a small patch of this species. It does grow a sort of fruit, that is known as the “olive of the sea”. These fruits are also known as Neptune balls & will often wash up along the coast. These species is not threatened with extinction. This species in particular, is vital to Spain’s marine ecosystems. It is important because it has a very high carbon absorption capacity. It is able to soak up 15 more times carbon dioxide then a similar sized piece of the Amazon Rainforest in South America. These species is usually bright green, however it may turn brown as it ages. It usually grows between 7.87402 inches (20.0000108 centimeters) & 15.748 inches (39.99992 centimeters). Zostera Marina also may grow in this area, however that has yet to be confirmed. The Documented Marine Fauna Of The Oceans Surrounding Barcelona Barcelona is very diverse in its marine life. Many different species such as sharks, dolphins, & various tropical fish. One of the most intriguing of the species around Barcelona, is the Basking shark. Please see the article published on the 10th of July titled “The Basking Shark Of Barcelona, Spain” for more information on this creature. This article can be found using our navigation feature at the top of the webpage. The reason for this variety of marine life is a mixture good climate conditions & an abundance of food such as krill & seaweed. Many larger creatures often do not stay in Barcelona year-round. They will often migrate throughout the Mediterranean. However smaller creatures, such as fish, will often stay & not migrate from the Barcelona area. With that being said, let us Epinephelus Marginatus (Dusky Grouper), Sphyraena Sphyraena (European Barracuda), Dicentrarchus Labrax (European Seabass), Octopus Vulgaris (Common Octopus), Argyrosomus Regius (Shade-fish), Boops Boops (Bogue), Cetorhinus Maximus (Basking Shark), Conger Conger (European Conger), Coryphaena Hipperus (Dolphin-fish / Mahi-Mahi), Diplodus vulgaris (Common two-banded Seabream), Katsuwonus pelamis (Skipjack tuna), Muraena Helena (Mediterranean moray), Sarpa Salpa (Salema porgy), Scorpaena Porcus (Black Scorpionfish), & finally Scorpaena Scrofa (Red Scorpionfish). How The Marine Resources Of The Oceans Surrounding Barcelona Have Been Utilized, & How Ocean Acidification Is Affecting Barcelona The majority of the resources extracted from Barcelona were fish or other marine creatures. Personal & commerical fishing are incredibly common throughout the areas around Barcelona. This could cause a crisis similar to the crown of thorns environmental disaster at Tutuila, American Samoa. This also causes general food chain issues. Along with that, if we overfish the area, we may see a local extinction of some species entirely. Ocean acidification, unfortunately has a large impact around Barcelona. Ocean acidification is caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Atmospheric carbon dioxide levels have increased, largely because of human-caused burning of fossil fuels, & deforestation, for the past 150 years. When carbon dioxide contacts sea water, it forms carbonic acid. Carbonic acid gives off positive H+ ions, which causes increased oceanic H+ concentrations & decreased oceanic Ph. This PH difference, is causing coral to bleach at a rapid rate. This is utterly horrifying as if we do not attempt to either lower carbon emissions or reduce the effect somehow, we could lose all of the coral reefs around Barcelona entirely. Directories / Credits https://mpatlas.org/zones/68816523 ScienceDirecthttps://www.sciencedirect.com › piiDistribution of seagrass communities north of Barcelona, Northwestern ... https://www.barcelona-metropolitan.com/api/amp/travel/guide-to-underwater-life-costa-brava/ Strategic Partnerships Reel Guppy Outdoors Our Loyal Patrons Ms. Ochoa ReplyForward

Ode To Oceanography: An Antique Map Of Saint Lawrence River This article will be the first article in the “Ode To Oceanography” Series. This series will publish on the 15th of every month, until we run out of antique nautical maps to analyze, though that will not be for many decades. Once that happens, we will keep the series running, but we will change the article format. In these articles, will take an antique nautical map & analyze it in its entirety. These maps will not strictly be on open oceanic waters, they may be on rivers or occasionally, bays. We will also discuss the methods that may have been used to make the map, considering the time period, & the country of origin. These maps will come from a variety of sources, though they will mainly come from Maps Of Antiquity, a wonderful New England map shop. These maps will come from varying time periods, & will not be in any particular historical order. Today’s Map that will be analyzed, is an antique nautical map of the Saint Lawrence River, located in Quebec Canada. This river runs from the Gulf of Saint Lawrence to above the province of Quebec, it is also in french so we will attempt to decipher it. In this article we will discuss the map itself & the translation of certain sections of the map, & a surface level analysis on this antique nautical map. With that being said let us delve into the Saint Lawrence River. The Map Itself On the large emblem on the map, it reads “Carte Du Cours Du Fleuve De S’Laurent, Depuis son embouchure jusqu'au dessous Québec.” Which translates to “Map Of The Course Of the S’Lawrence River, From its mouth to below Quebec.” It is extremely hard to decipher, as the handwriting has blurred with time, & it is of course in French. It also reads on the river “Fleuve De S’Laurent” which translates to “Lawrence River”. On the map you can see mainland Quebec, & labelled as “Isle De’Anticosti” is Anticosti island. You can also see the Gaspé Peninsula, labelled in french as “Gaspesie”. On this peninsula you can see mountains drawn, you can see mountains drawn down all of New Brunswick. There are many labels in french for various parts of the river, & parts of the coast, but they are much to small to decipher. An Analysis Of The Nautical Map This map was made in the year 1758. It is unknown where this map was found exactly, but it can only be assumed that it was in found Quebec, as the map is in french. The map is of the Saint Lawrence river, from its mouth to just Below Quebec. This map has no particular name. The map has no sea monsters, legends, or anything of that nature labeled on the map, that I am able to tell. The mountain of known as Mont Jacques Cartier is outlined on the map very prominently. There are no wind patterns shown on the map, or wave patterns. The map is surprisingly accurate, & very few small islets were left off the map. This map was most likely printed using the engraving technique. This is a technique which was the most popular at the time, & the easiest way to mass produce maps. In this technique, there are 5 jobs, the mapmaker, the engraver, the printer, the papermaker, & the colourist. The first step in this process is that the mapmaker will go out & make a hand-drawn map of the area where the map will encompass. Effectively, the mapmaker is the informant who makes the first copy. After this, the engraver will create a design of the map in reverse on a metal, usually copper, surface. Usually there would only be 1-2 plates used, however it differs depending on the size of the map. After the copper plate is made, the printer will heat the copper panel, & then proceed to lather it with ink. They will then wipe the copper panel down to the point where ink is only on the grooves of the panel. Then after this, the printer will press damp paper onto the ink, & hang it up to dry. To conclude, the colourist will touch up the map & decorate it by adding in details, such as shorelines & shoals. Directories / Credits All credit for this map analyzed today goes to Maps Of Antiquity, a wonderful New England map shop. To purchase this map, & any other maps, please visit mapsofantiquity.com . To be clear, this is not an advertisement for Maps Of Antiquity, as we do not have a partnership with them. Strategic Partnerships Reel Guppy Outdoors Our Loyal Patrons Ms. Paloma Rodriguez Ochoa