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A photograph of the bustling, vibrant downtown area of St. John's, the capital of Antigua. Credit to photographer Sean Pavone. This article will discuss the documented history of Antigua. Antigua is an island in the Caribbean that makes up the country of Antigua & Barbuda. The island is approximately 185.22 Nautical/Marine miles (213.147369 miles or 343.02744 kilometers) from Venezuela. It is also approximately 1311.36 Nautical/Marine miles (1509.086137 miles or 2428.63872 kilometers) from mainland Florida. Antigua is a part of the Lesser Antilles & the island group known as the Leeward Islands. The etymology of the name is that Antigua means ancient in Spanish. This choice of name was most likely a remnant of the Spanish conquest of the Caribbean. This name was given to them by the Spanish when they first landed on Antigua. Antigua has a total of 6 major divisions on the island. These are known as Saint John, Saint George, Saint Peter, Saint Phillip, Saint Paul, & Saint Mary. There are a total of 84 cities in Antigua, excluding unincorporated compounds. Their post-Columbian history was rather defined by the British, as they had control of Antigua for centuries. In this article, we will discuss the discovery & documented history of Antigua as a whole, the known aboriginals of Antigua, the disaster history of Antigua, & finally a segment on the Antiguan & Barbudan economy. The Documented History Of Antigua Before Colonization Numerous different indigenous peoples occupied Antigua at different times, including the Arawak, Carib, Saladoid & Ciboney Peoples. The Saladoid migrated from northern Venezuela throughout the greater & lesser Antilles. The Saladoid people farmed & made lots of ceramic pottery. There are many archaeological sites on the island where ceramic pottery can be found. These works of art were mostly made from the Saladoid. The Arawakan language spread up the island chain, which made that one of Antigua’s prime languages. The Arawaks also arrived on the island in about 400 A.D. The Arawaks introduced many plants to the island, which is one of the reasons for the present biodiversity of Antigua. The Arawaks had canoes, which is how they got to the island in the first place. They most likely came from Guadeloupe or Saint Lucia. These canoes resembled the build of what we modernly know as dug-out canoes. Most of the Arawaks, however, left in 1100 A.D. The remaining Arawaks were targeted by the Caribs & faced many raids. Modernly, People of Carib & Arawak Descent are still found on the island. On Antigua & Barbuda at the time, there were 2 unique tribes of indigenous peoples. These tribes had split off from the Arawaks & had formed their own 2 tribes. Their religious beliefs differ severely from the main Arawakan religions. These people were known as the Galashopa & the Galapopa. The Galashopa were rather warlike & did not believe in peacefulness. The word Galashopa roughly translates to “War”. The Galapopa were peaceful & did not fully mind the other tribes. The word Galapopa roughly translates into “Peace”. These tribes coexisted peacefully for many years. However, one day the Galashopa decided to attack the Galapopa & enslave them all. The Galashopa were also going to seize all settlements built by the Galapopa. On the 8th of December 1342, the Galashopa attacked the Galapopa in an ambush. However, this attack had been anticipated & the Galapopa tribe had previously prepared. In the end, the Galapopa won the war due to their men being well-trained & due to them having proper equipment. The queen of Galapopa, known as Marianna, assumed charge of the Galashopa territories after the war. She most likely called the islands both Antigua as Antigua meant God in her Arawakan language, but Barbuda meant devil. Due to bad weather throughout the Caribbean, sacrificial events took place in which they sacrificed things to their god. It is not exactly clear what they would sacrifice. Soon, the locals realized that they had to honour both their god & their devil. So they changed the island's name back to Barbuda. As a result of this name change, the poverty rate decreased & their crops prospered for many years. After this, things went well for the Galapopa until the next queen assumed power of the Isles. However, what transpired next cannot be blamed as a fault of the queen. This queen's name was Mishlaelae, it was during her rule that Christopher Columbus arrived on Antigua. Christopher Columbus arrived in 1493, & named the island Santa Maria de la Antigua. He was less than friendly to the locals. He wanted to mine gold on the island & also planned to enslave all of the locals. To save her people from enslavement, the queen had an affair with him. It was at this point that many of the Arawaks left. After Colonization Historical Events From The 15th Century Antigua was visited by Christopher Columbus in the year of 1493. He found the island on his 2nd Caribbean voyage. He then named it Antigua. His reason for doing so was that he was naming it after a church known as the Church of Santa Maria de la Antigua, which is in Seville, Spain. He, however, did not colonize the island or bring any awareness to it. He then did not do much with the island personally. This led to the island not being used by Europeans until the 17th Century. Historical Events From The 16th Century Many of the Caribs left in the century due to the scarcity of freshwater. By this point, they were one of the only tribes left. What was left by the Galapopa was conquered by the Caribs, but ultimately left behind. At this point, most, if not all, of the remaining Arawaks left the island as well. Historical Events From The 17th Century The English finally managed to colonize the island in 1632. Their reasoning for doing so is that they wanted to expand their sugarcane industry. Tomas Warner, the captain of the guards, was the first British governor of Antigua & Barbuda. Settlers grew many crops such as tobacco, indigo, ginger, & sugarcane. Antigua officially became a British colony in 1667. The first large sugar plantation/estate was founded & owned by Christopher Codrington. It was established in 1674. Codrington also leased Barbuda to raise supplies for his plantations . Unfortunately, work conditions were not documented. However, it can be assumed that he did not treat his workers properly, as expansion was often prioritized over livelihoods. The sugar generated from his plantations made the sugar industry so profitable that many farmers switched to farming sugar. It is important to note that a majority of these workers from this point on would be African slaves. This ended up causing great wealth for Antigua. As of now, Barbuda’s only city is named after him. The British government ended up granting the rights to the island over to the Codrington family in the year of 1685. They were also awarded the rights to Barbuda, which they ruled until 1860. Historical Events From The 18th Century By the early 1700’s Antigua was the only Caribbean colony with a harbour that could hold larger ships. This made it an important nautical resource for Britain. Antigua became used as a dockyard for British naval ships from the years of 1725 to 1858. It then became an important deep-water port as it was sheltered & had deep water. It became an incredibly well-known English dockyard after this point. Horatio Nelson arrived in 1784 as the head of the squadron that was meant for the Leeward Islands. His duty was to enforce draconian commercial shipping laws. He also developed multiple naval bases along the harbour to enforce these laws. This worked out to be rather successful. This also resulted in Nelson's dockyard being constructed, which to date is one of the best dockyards & most valuable nautical assets on Antigua. He also influenced other major port expansions. However, he was not very respected or liked by the settlers who were already there. Historical Events From The 19th Century In 1807, the Codrington family created a large estate that was used for slavery. This estate was used to assemble a workforce of children using enslaved women. This workforce of children would serve Barbuda & would export many resources to Antigua. During 1833, A very small percentage of the population, who were aristocratic plantation owners, ruled the island politically & financially. Beneath them, class-wise, were the people known as Afro-Caribbean. These people were the modern-day equivalent of the working class. In between these 2 classes were the middlemen who were the Free People of Colour & the Portuguese & Syrian Immigrants. The majority of Syrian & Portuguese immigrants came for work of various kinds, they also came for an extremely stable economy. In 1834, Britain abolished all slavery in the majority of their colonies. As a result, Antigua immediately instituted full emancipation rather than having a 4-5 year waiting period. This somehow managed to improve the economic circumstances of Antigua & Barbuda. Unfortunately, many now-free Slaves were discriminated against harshly. They often were not given enough fertile land & were not given credit at all. In the year 1843, there was a major earthquake in Antigua that caused economic issues & infrastructural damage. In 1847, there was a major hurricane that caused economic issues as well as destruction to various towns across Antigua & Barbuda. Between the years of 1847 & 1852, over 2,500 Portuguese immigrants came to the island. They mostly came from the island of Madeira, which was experiencing extreme famine at the time. They quickly made small businesses & became large contributors to the economy. At this point, they would have been the middle class of Antigua. They also became a large part of the agricultural workforce. You see, due to the abolition of slavery, many plantation owners were scrambling for workers. This brought up an interest in European labor, specifically the Portuguese. This ended up in many jobs being opened to the Portuguese & the Portuguese ended up filling jobs that were once done by slaves. Historical Events From The 20th Century The main cash product changed frequently throughout the 20th century. The main cash products from the years of 1953 & 1956 were cotton, sugar, meat, cereals, local vegetables, & local fruit. Over time, the importance of crops & other types of produce went into decline as other nations were able to sell goods at a price no longer feasible to sustain in the Antiguan economy. Another factor that led to this was Central American countries beginning to export things at extremely low prices. In more recent times, however, Antigua has developed a primarily service-based economy relying on tourism as its leading source of income. Much like other islands & nations that rely on tourism, this can become problematic as their economic stability depends on the willingness of others to travel & explore the area. In the year of 1956, the Leeward Islands colony was de-federated, and Antigua was a member of this federation. On January 3rd of 1958, the West Indies Federation was established & Antigua & Barbuda joined it that same year. However, this was short-lived as it dissolved on the 31st of May 1962. Antigua longed for freedom as the Antiguan & Barbudan governments persevered to join a federation. Provisions were made in what is known as the West Indies Act of 1967 for Antigua to assume a status of association with the United Kingdom on the 27th of February 1967. As an associated state, Antigua became fully self-governing in all internal affairs, while the United Kingdom retained responsibility for external affairs & defense / military issues. In the year of 1981 on November 1st, Antigua & Barbuda became a sovereign entity & formally broke away from the United Kingdom. It remains in the Commonwealth, however, it has been its own country since 1981. In 1997, Prime Minister of Antigua & Barbuda Lester Bird announced that a group of ecologically sensitive islands just off Antigua's northeastern coast, which at the time were previously proposed for national park status, were being turned over to Malaysian developers for commercial purposes. The Guiana Island Development Project deal, calling for a 1000-room hotel, an 18-hole golf course as well as a rather luxurious casino, sparked widespread criticism by environmentalists, minority members in parliament & the press. The issue came to a head when a resident shot the Prime Minister's brother in retaliation. Today, the proposed development is mired in lawsuits & politics. The Antigua & Barbuda Labour Party, or the ABLP, won renewed mandates in the general elections in 1984 & 1989. In the 1989 elections, the ruling Antiguan & Barbudan Labour Party won all but two of the 17 seats. During elections in March 1994, the prime ministerial power was passed from Vere Bird to his son, who is known as Lester Bird. However, Vere Bird decided to remain within the Antiguans & Barbudans Labour Party, which won 11 of the 17 parliamentary seats. The Aboriginals Of Antigua The Saladoid Indigenous Peoples The Saladoid people lived throughout northern Venezuela & the Caribbean. They inhabited many areas of the Orinoco River. They were one of the oldest of these groups. They often made pottery & ceramics, which provide some of the oldest artifacts of the Caribbean. They had 4 distinct pottery styles. These pottery styles were created by other cultures, however, only 3 have been connected to existing cultures. These cultures were known as Hacienda Grande, Cuevas, & Coral-Bay Longford. They spoke an Arawakan language. They seemed not to interact with many other tribes, so their attitude to them is unknown. They often made exotic jewelry with carnelian, turquoise, Lapis Lazuli, amethyst, crystal-quartz, & different types of wood. They prioritized agriculture in their lives. They had different types of farms near rivers & creeks. After approximately 250 B.C, they diminished greatly, & after that point, they slowly disappeared. The reason for this is, unfortunately, unknown. The Carib / Kalingo Indigenous Peoples The Caribs of Antigua were an indigenous Amerindian of the Caribbean Lesser Antilles. They are also known as the Kalingo or Kalina. They also lived in South America. They spoke a language that is modernly known as Island Carib, which is classified as a highly endangered language. They were one of the least peaceful tribes of the Caribbean. Many populations had many warlike tactics & were believed to have mandatory combat training. They were taller, bulkier, & stronger than the Arawaks due to the emphasis on being a warrior & being able to defend their home. They utilized their marine resources often & had a strong fishing industry. Fish was one of the most common foods, they were also believed to have bred some fish. They had large boats which were most similar to a modern-day Canoe, these boats could hold up to 12 persons. However, their largest warships could hold up to 100 persons. These boats looked similar to a modern-day dugout canoe. However, they could also use & build sails. They used these to raid the Arawaks as well as to fish. They also utilized the ocean in other ways. They fought with the other tribes of the Lesser Antilles, such as the Arawaks, who were relatively peaceful. They hunted mammals as well. They revered the bones of their elders or family members & they burnt off fat from their enemies or prisoners of war during battle rituals. They were labelled as cannibals & savages by the Spanish & British on their conquests, which was wrongfully used to justify conquering their lands & enslaving them. The modern-day word cannibal is said to have been influenced by the word Carib due to their alleged cannibalistic practices. They invented certain types of primitive barbecues as well, which they were alleged to use for barbecuing the flesh of their enemies, as well as fish. However, if they were cannibalistic, they did not consume the entire body. Allegedly, their reasoning for this was that if they consumed a little bit of their enemy after they were dead, they would assume the characteristics of that person. Also, there is evidence to believe that early Caribs were not cannibals. They were said to be on average approximately 5 feet 5 inches. They had a brown hue to their skin similar to that of a modern-day Latin American person. They did not appear to wear clothing of any kind. The women would paint their skin with a red dye known as Roucou, which is made from the extract of the seeds of the Achiote tree. The women also circled their eyes with black pigment. The males would also paint their bodies and, on occasion, wear feathered headdresses, jewelry & piercings of all kinds through their lips, and large hoop jewelry through their noses. Nose piercings were fairly common among both genders. The males also wore the Caracoli, which was a necklace of small bones along with the teeth of defeated enemies, from which a crescent-shaped bone carved ornament was suspended. The Caracoli necklace was worn to represent the courage of the wearer. It was typically worn by men & there isn’t much evidence that it was worn by women. The women also commonly lived in different houses from the men. Arts were common among the Caribs. Basket weaving was a common type of art that was done both for function & for art. Pottery was quite common among the Caribs as well. They had many different structural styles of pottery. It is also important to note that while most men spoke Island Carib languages, a significant population of women originated from Arawak groups, meaning that they would speak Arawak in the homes. They often used bows & arrows when hunting or fighting. This weaponry, unfortunately, was not very helpful during the initial British Invasion. However, their boats were. They were infamous for using one of their warships to catch European boats. This is one of the main reasons why Saint Lucia wasn’t colonized for such a long time. They did not have a social or societal construct & did not have any form of government. Little is known about their religion; however, it is believed that they practiced polytheism. The Arawak Indigenous Peoples The Arawak Indigenous peoples existed throughout the Lesser Antilles & heavily throughout northern South America. They were also known as the Taino people. They spoke many different dialects of Arawakan languages. They were comparatively peaceful & often avoided engaging in combat, except in cases where they were acting in defense. As far as we are aware, they did not fight with other Arawak populations often. They often practiced farming of corn, beans, pepper, sweet potatoes, ground nuts, & cassava. They also practiced fishing with nets & spear fishing. They used weaving techniques to build the nets. They also bred their fish in individual ponds. They hunt any animals that are available using spears, bows, & blow guns. They, however, did not use the pelts to make clothes. Most of the time, Arawaks stood naked, with men occasionally wearing loincloths. The women wore short skirts & beaded shell necklaces. They also did not make shoes of any kind. On occasions, they would paint their bodies various colours such as black, white, or red. They were described as being of medium height by Columbus, which most likely means approximately 5 feet & 3 inches. They were also generally quite slim in build. Their skin was a dark tanned colour. Their hair was a black colour & was coarse. They often wore jewellery & ornaments on their neck, ears, lips, & noses. These ornaments varied in material; however, they were often made with clay, shell, or cotton. Some of these ornaments were braided into hair & used as hair pieces as well. They did have social & societal constructs, with each group of Arawaks having a chief. For enjoyment & religious purposes, they had festivals. These festivals entailed singing, dancing, & eating food with the community. They had instruments such as wooden gongs, reed pipes, & certain types of drums. They also had a kind of primitive oven which was used to bake small flat cakes. Games were also a common pastime for them; one game they invented was a ball game called Batos. Their religion was polytheistic & their gods were called Zemi. These Zemi would control various sectors of the known universe. The Ciboney Indigenous Peoples The Ciboney indigenous peoples lived throughout the Caribbean. They lived throughout Cuba & as well as the greater & lesser Antilles. They were also known as the Siboney. Their language was unknown & it was a language was an isolate. They often stayed out of the way & lived on the coastlines. Their ambitions concerning war & peace are unknown. They did not farm anything to our knowledge, instead opting to hunt & gather their supplies. They did not write anything down, so extremely little is known about them, as the majority of them were gone before the Europeans arrived. Some of their primary sources of food were shellfish, turtles, & certain available island rodents. They also lacked in arts such as pottery & weaving. They may have originated from southern America in the areas of modern-day Venezuela. If they were, they would have migrated to Cuba. Alternatively, they may have originated from the southern areas of modern-day Florida. However, they did not have very good maritime technologies, making origin determination difficult. The Most Destructive Man-Caused & Natural Disasters Of Antigua No. 1: Hurricane Irma Hurricane Irma was a category 5 hurricane that struck the Leeward Islands took place from August 30th to September 13th, 2017. It was the first Category 5 hurricane to directly hit the Leeward Islands on record. Its highest winds were at 180 miles per hour. It was the 4th most costly tropical cyclone in Cuban & Leeward Islands history. It affected all of the Caribbean, Southeastern U.S states, & Cape Verde, causing 52 direct & 82 indirect fatalities. It also severely damaged infrastructure, trade, & industry, costing a cumulative 77.16 billion dollars in cleanup efforts. Adjusted for inflation today, that would be 93.81 Billion Dollars. No. 2: Hurricane Luis Hurricane Luis was a Category 4 hurricane that affected the majority of the Caribbean. It took place from August 28th, 1985, to September 20th, 1985. It was the most powerful hurricane to make landfall during the 1985 Atlantic hurricane season. Its highest winds were 150 miles per hour. It affected the majority of the Caribbean, the eastern United States, & Newfoundland. It caused extreme damage to Antigua's infrastructure, approximately 3.3 billion dollars worth in 1985, which would be 9.14 billion dollars in today's money adjusted for inflation. In addition to this, it took the lives of 19 islanders, leaving lasting impacts that would scar a generation. No. 3: FlyMontserrat Flight 107 Flight 107 was a commercial flight that took off from Antigua V.C. Bird International Airport & was meant to reach Montserrat John A. Osborne. The aircraft type was a Britten-Norman Islander. During takeoff off there was engine failure & the plane crashed. It caused 3 fatalities & 1 Injury. There was a total of 1 survivor from the crash. The Economy & Public Stock Market Of Antigua & Barbuda Antigua & Barbuda as a whole is economically stable, however, they did lose a massive amount of income due to the pandemic of 2020. Their nominal GDP is 1.611 billion USD, at the time of publishing. Their currency is the Eastern Caribbean Dollar or the XCD. They are a tourism & service-based economy. They rank 176th in the country by GDP. Their GDP per capita is 14,900.80 USD. Their inflation has only been 1.205% since 2018. Their unemployment rate is 11% of the total population. Their public debt is 458 million dollars as of 2023. Their primary industries are: agriculture, fishing, mining, animal husbandry, & tourism. A beautiful photograph of the St. Johns Club, an all-inclusive resort in the capital of Antigua. This showcases the bustling tourism industry of the country. Credit to St. John's Club. Directories / Credits https://www.britannica.com/place/Antigua-and-Barbuda/History http://www.antigua-barbuda.org/aghis01.htm https://www.studycountry.com/guide/AG-history.htm https://history.state.gov/countries/antigua-barbuda https://www.antiguanice.com/v2/client.php? https://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/antigua_barbuda.htm https://www.everyculture.com/A-Bo/Antigua-And-Barbuda.html https://www.britannica.com/topic/Carib https://amp.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/24/archeology-caribbean-carib-people-cannibalism-colonial-history-wrong https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ciboney https://www.britannica.com/topic/Arawak https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/27946/chapter-abstract/211886548?redirectedFrom=fulltext http://npshistory.com/series/archeology/seac/air/salt-river-bay.pdf https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/histarch/research/haiti/en-bas-saline/taino-culture/ https://www.weather.gov/mfl/hurricaneirma https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL131995_Luis.pdf Strategic Partnerships Reel Guppy Outdoors SharkedSkooler Marine Enthusiasts Podcast Cash Daniels Tides of Tomorrow Our Loyal Patrons P. 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A stunning photograph of Jaela Balugo, Founder of Tides of Tomorrow & Science Communicator, on a sunlit beach. Credit to Jaela Balugo. Recently, our head writer was immensely fortunate to sit down with Organizational Founder & Science Communicator, Jaela Balugo, for an interview discussing her organization, Tides of Tomorrow, & her efforts in science communication.  Jaela Balugo is the founder of Tides of Tomorrow, a new organization from Northern California, dedicated to educating elementary & junior high students on the value & importance of the ocean, as well as providing them with a platform to have their oceanic ideas heard. Through this organization, she hosts school presentations, works with local artisans to raise funds for her organization & oceanic conservation, & is currently working to build a platform through a network of booths in farmers' markets throughout Northern California.  In today’s interview, we sit down with Jaela to discuss her wonderful organization, efforts in science communication, & advice for young people who simply wish to be heard in a comprehensive 13-question interview. Before delving into today’s interview, please note everything said has been edited for clarity, & that the opinions of our interviewee do not necessarily reflect the opinions & values of our organization. With that being said, let us delve into the contents of the interview!  The Contents Of The Interview Questions About Her Passion:  1. What sparked your passion for marine biology? I’ve always lived near the ocean, & although I don’t live directly on the water, I’m fortunate enough to visit the ocean frequently. Looking at the tide pools gave me a curiosity of it all. It inspired me to look for what else was out there. Sometimes, I would go out surfing & see new species of sharks or see a seal pop out of the water. That ended up spiraling into me looking for books, YouTube videos, & podcasts about creatures, how the oceans work, & how the ocean impacts humans. That is how it all started!  2. Is there a specific person, place, or piece of media that assisted in the sparking of your oceanic passion? Watching oceanic documentaries on Netflix & Disney Plus caused me to look more into the subject, however, there was one person that I found on TikTok that truly helped me. I believe his handle was marinebiologyjohn, he was a PhD student from the University of Miami working with sharks, & working on tagging sharks. One day, I joined one of his TikTok Lives & I asked him the same question that you asked me: “What sparked your passion?”. He told me about how he had always loved biology & sharks, & I really connected with as well as admired him. He gave me advice about my future, my career, & about helping the planet. He influenced me a lot, I thank him a lot for my passion.  3. Do you have a favorite marine or terrestrial animal? If I had to narrow it down, it would be extremely difficult. So, my last name is Balugo, & people accidentally call me Beluga sometimes, however, I don’t really care at this point. I find it kind of funny, & kind of silly. Marine mammal-wise, Beluga Whales are my favorite.  If it were sharks, I would have to say Oceanic Whitetips. They are such beautiful sharks, I love them so much! Those are my top two favorite animals. 4. What inspired you to begin your organization?  It started with me noticing that a lot of people don’t care about ocean conservation. Obviously, you don’t want to shove it down anyone’s throat & say that they have to care, however, you have to focus on this because it’s our future.  Also, I would hear other people who would say things that are completely untrue about our oceans, & about climate or say that they don’t really matter. I always found that interesting.  Kids, well, absorb everything. They often have these crazy ideas, however they have the best brains. I’ve worked around them a lot, & I feel like teaching ocean conservation & facts about the ocean to them at a young age is very beneficial. I’ve done a lot of research into childhood development, how children absorb things, & how they develop a vocabulary. I wanted to start an organization or group to have an impact while they are young.  Tides of Tomorrow's official current logo. Credit to Tides of Tomorrow . Questions About Her Organization & Career:  5. Can you describe the founding process for your organization, & how everything began exactly?  I originally conceived this as a club at my school, however, it did not work as all of my teachers refused to sponsor it. That is when I thought, “I’ll do it myself!”. So, I got a group of people together & we began working on ideas to target elementary & middle schoolers, & we started. It is still in the starting stages, however, I’m pretty proud of it.  6. Do you mind walking me through a few of the programs that your organization is currently building or actively has? Our organization is made up of 3 teams: Team Orca, Team Coral, & Team Dolphin. Team Orca is the team focused on presenting to kids in schools & hosting educational oceanic activities that are currently in the works right now. I recently spoke to the Superintendent of my school district, who is fully supportive & has asked us to send him a video on what exactly we intend to present to the kids & what our mission is. We are currently in the process of making that video. That is slightly difficult for everyone involved as of now, as all of us are focused on studying for our midterms & final exams, so we are rather backed up. We’re hoping to work on it soon, & are hoping to begin ramping up in Summer 2025.  7. Do you mind walking me through what exactly the roles of Team Orca, Team Coral, & Team Dolphin are?  As mentioned before, our organization is made up of 3 major teams: Team Orca, Team Coral, & Team Dolphin. Each team was named for a specific reason.  Team Orca was named due to Orca’s teaching their young how to hunt & teaching their young various behavior. They mainly focus on creating & presenting presentations for children in elementary & middle schools, which most of our current team decided to go for. A lot of people truly enjoy teaching, which I loved but was very unexpected! Team Orca is a part of our Wavemakers Department, as they are the ones out in the community making waves, & making a difference. Next, in our Sustainable Seas department, are Team Coral & Team Dolphin, named for coral’s ability to create & dolphin’s ability to communicate.  Team Coral are our artisans, they create things in order to spread the message or to be sold to fundraise for our organization & to fundraise for various ocean conservation organizations. Team Dolphin primarily focuses on our marketing, & advertising. They help Team Coral promote our products, & assist in our physical advertising campaigns in farmers' markets & such.  We don’t want to solely focus our efforts on educating people in schools, we want to target members of the public as well. Education outside of the classroom does not have to be grueling, it does not have to be homework.   8. What are your primary goals for the organization in the near future, such as in 2025 & 2026? For 2025, I’m hoping to have all of our legal matters settled, & to be fully registered & fulfill our legal obligations. In addition to that, I hope to have our YouTube channel fully prepared by the summer's end to act as a digital resource for those who don’t have access to our presentations in person, as well as having a booth in the market.  By 2026, I wish to have at least 5 classroom visits, however, I am aware that teachers are quite busy & have to take time away from valuable instruction for our visits. After that, I intend to graduate from High School, & enter University. I still intend to be running Tides of Tomorrow from the University, even if from afar.  9. What has been your proudest moment or greatest triumph leading the organization so far? My two biggest triumphs may seem small, however, they are very important to me. My meeting with my superintendent from my school district set things in gear, & made me feel so empowered. He truly heard what I had to say; he didn’t dismiss me or steamroll over my thoughts, & it’s very rare to have someone listen to you about ocean conservation. That was a very proud moment for me! In addition to this, my other largest triumph occurred at a youth activism forum at UC Davis. I attended this event to assist one of my friends with her stall for her nonprofit organization. As I was walking around, I found a high-school chapter of the organization 350, & we had an amazing conversation, at the end of which they said that they wanted to collaborate with me! Meeting new people is mildly difficult for me, & making connections has been one of my favorite things to do as a part of Tides of Tomorrow.  10. I’m sure that you have had just as many hurdles as you have triumphs, if not more, & so far in your leading of the organization, what has been your greatest hurdle or obstacle? One of the greatest hurdles is simply getting started. When I began the organization, I created a checklist. After I finished all of the things, I would officially start my organization, however, I had to constantly go back & revise that list. I ended up becoming very frustrated, & thinking, “Ugh, when is this going to end?”. I don’t think it has ended yet, it’s still 2 steps forward & 1 step back.  11. Is your ultimate plan to pursue marine biology as a career path?  My ultimate plan is to pursue research, & conduct my own research to benefit the oceans. I wish to teach as well, & ideally would like to become a professor at one of the UCs. I don’t have enough knowledge to know what exactly I wish to research, however, I’m excited to learn more throughout my college journey & in my career.  12. Do you have any advice for new organization founders, people looking to pursue marine biology, or young people looking to make an impact? Go to the ocean. I know that may be difficult if you are landlocked, however, it’s always helped me to watch oceanic videos such as surfing competitions.  Keep your passion going because sometimes it will feel as if it is gone, & you’ll feel down. However, going back to the ocean or watching it in videos always makes me feel better. Don’t stop. There are going to be times when you feel as if you don’t lose your passion, but be resilient.  Also, there will be people who are willing to help you. You can reach out to me & I’m willing to help! Know your potential, & if something is stopping you, don’t let it because you can go farther.  13. Do you have any final words about marine biology, entering the field, starting your organization, or inspiration for those looking to make an impact? If you have a passion for anything, whether that be the ocean or something else, keep it going. My passion for the ocean keeps me going, & any sort of passion is great to have.  Directories / Credits   https://tidesoftomorrow.weebly.com https://www.instagram.com/tidesoftomorrow_?igsh=NTc4MTIwNjQ2YQ== Strategic Partnerships  Reel Guppy Outdoors SharkedSkooler Marine Enthusiasts Podcast Cash Daniels Tides of Tomorrow  Our Loyal Patrons P. R. Ochoa

A photograph of a Reef Stonefish (Syanceia verrucosa), seamlessly blending into a coral reef in Australia. Credit to Reinhard Dirschrel. This month's article series will discuss... The island of Mauritius! Mauritius is an island nation that exists in the Indian Ocean. It is off the eastern coast of Africa, & it is semi-close to the eastern areas of Madagascar. It is known for its beautiful beaches & active marine life. The main reason for this marine life is their well-kept coral reefs & seagrass meadows. It is a sovereign nation & the people primarily speak French. The French name for Mauritius is Maurice. It is tropical & is one of the most visited countries of all the African nations. It is approximately 1,017.47 Nautical / Marine miles off the coast of Africa. It is also approximately 2724.90 Nautical / Marine Miles off the coast of Antarctica. Additionally, the isle is approximately 2088.98 Nautical / Marine Miles off the coast of the continent known as Asia, specifically the country of India. The island is home to approximately 1,262,523 people. It has many thriving marine ecosystems which include coral reefs. The Mauritian government & the Mauritian people will take care of these coral reefs. This can be seen in many beach clean-ups being conducted. This attracts many marine animals. These species range from tropical fish to dolphins, to even certain species of shark. However, one species in particular is unique from all else; this species is known as the Synanceia Verrucosa (Reef Stonefish). It is known as the most poisonous fish on earth. They pack a powerful venom that can easily be lethal to a full-grown adult. They are known for camouflaging stones to attack their prey. They are very bumpy & often misshapen to put on this camouflage of being a stone. However, it is still quite colorful. It not only does this for camouflage from prey, but also for camouflage from predators. Certain types of other fish will attempt to consume the stonefish, which is possible. The only way to consume a stonefish without being stung is to catch it completely by surprise; this way, its venomous spines do not become erect. It is found near the shoreline in shallow coral reefs, which is somewhat horrifying. In this article, we will discuss the life of the reef stonefish, the mating procedures, tactics, practices, & cycles of the reef stonefish, the distribution of the reef stonefish, & finally the scientific detailings of the reef stonefish. With that being said, let us delve into the reef stonefish.  The Discovery & Life Of The Reef Stonefish The reef stonefish was first described in the year 1766 by Carl Linnaeus. It was described in volume one of his novel Systema Naturae. It is unknown how or when he found this species. Commonly, stonefish will grow up to approximately 16 inches (40.64 centimeters). This does change based on gender, as usually the females are much larger than the males. They will weigh approximately 5 pounds (2.26796 kilograms), once again, this does differ based on gender. Their life span is approximately 7.5 years on average. The intellect of a stonefish is a subject with little understanding. From what is known, they have the same intellect as other types of reef fish. They do not seem to show affection or any type of feeling. They also do not seem to have a very good memory. They are nowhere near as emotionally intelligent or intelligent as a dolphin or a reef shark. It is unknown how long this particular species has existed. They are not social creatures at all whatsoever. They are surprisingly not usually aggressive unless aggravated. However, when aggravated, their spines become erect. When their spines become erect, they can inject their lethal venom into people. Often, they will avoid interaction with humans. They are not known to be aggressive to other fish. They are not very social creatures either. Additionally, they are not known to be very territorial either. They sleep by completely stopping motion & partially burying themselves in coral rubble or sand. Their diet largely consists of reef fish of various kinds, small crustaceans, & certain other small marine species. They are not known to consume cephalopods. It is unknown how much they eat per day, but it is most likely between 5% & 10% of their bodily weight. They are also not known to be cannibalistic. They are nocturnal predators & will often hunt at night. This is most likely because at nighttime, the vision of most fish is limited, so the stonefish can easily catch the fish. The most common predators of these creatures are reef sharks. They are incredibly skilled hunters & can sense & catch prey in as little as 0.0015 seconds (1.5 milliseconds). They do not have a relatively high metabolism due to their sedentary nature. They do not swim very often. When the stonefish does swim, it will use its pectoral fins not only to swim & hop but more so to burrow deep into coral rubble or sand when hunting prey. The speeds at which they swim are unknown. This species of stonefish is usually brown, red, yellow, orange, or black. They can also be a mix of all of these colors, as they are generally not one solid color. The dorsal fin usually contains between 12 to 14 spines & 5 to 7 soft rays while the anal fin has 3 spines & 5 to 6 soft rays. Their dorsal spines are of equal length to the anal spines. The dorsal spines, however, have a thicker sheath of skin containing venom glands at the base. The skin has no scales, but it does have bumps & warts. It is also very misshapen. The head is wide & flattened. They have small upwardly directed eyes that have a deep pit behind them with a smaller pit underneath them.  The Mating Tact,ics, Habits, Cycles, & Practices Of The Reef Stonefish The reef stonefish mates via sexual reproduction. However, the females & the males do not entangle. They do not appear to have a specific breeding season. It is unknown at what age either genders reach sexual maturity. They are not monogamous in any form whatsoever. They are also unable to lactate as they have no parental involvement in their children’s lives. They are also not hermaphroditic & are not able to change sexes in any way whatsoever. The female & male who reproduce together never actually meet each other. The actual mating process follows something similar to this. Once the female is ready, she will lay her unfertilized eggs on the floor of a reef. She will lay as many as 1 million eggs at once on the ocean floor. There, unfortunately, is no actual demographic as to how many of these eggs hatch or how many of them live to see adulthood. Afterward, a male will swim over to the egg pile & release his sperm on the eggs to fertilize them. After this point, there is no parental involvement at all. It is unknown how long it takes for the eggs to hatch. However after the eggs hatch, the creatures are quite well developed. They will then swim off into the ocean & most likely never interact again with each other. This process may be repeated several times in the female's life, it is also unknown if she takes intervals in releasing eggs & if so how long these intervals are.  The Distribution Of The Reef Stonefish Reef stonefish are the most widely distributed of all 5 stonefish species. They are found everywhere from East Africa to the Marquesas Islands. They are also found in the Persian Gulf. They are found in the highest density around Australia, Indonesia, & the southeastern areas of Africa. This is due to their liking of warm temperatures. They also usually stay in shallow waters; it is rare to find them in places other than coral reefs. This is also most likely because the world's largest coral reefs are found in these areas which provide a habitat for reef stonefish. They are not migratory creatures & will often live a rather sedentary life. They will often stay in the same areas which they were born. This species in particular is also popular in the private aquarium trade, so theoretically if a boat transporting this species were to capsize, this species would escape into the wild. A situation like this is not very far-fetched so precautions to properly transport this species should be set in place.  The Scientific Details Of The Reef Stonefish The stonefish is unique in many aspects; however, the most prominent aspect is its lethal venom. An article from Science Direct states that “Known components of stonefish venoms include hyaluronidase [15], a 46 kDa protein from S. verrucosa venom with inotropic and chronotropic effects [16] named cardiolipin, and a 45 kDa lectin from S. verrucosa that causes agglutination of rabbit erythrocytes [17]. Large, dimeric pore-forming toxins from both S. This venom is located in the dorsal fin spines. When the spines become erect & something causes the spines to sting, the venom will then be injected into the victim. These spines are sharp enough to pierce through the average tennis shoe. When this venom is injected, it may induce intense pain in the site that was punctured, swelling at the initial sting site, respiratory distress, damage to the ability of the cardiovascular system, convulsions, necrosis, complete paralysis, & in extreme cases death. Signs usually show up within minutes. This venom compound is unique to stonefish. This venom is stored in a way that it can be extracted if done correctly. The venom is also produced by a particular gland in the stonefish. Stonefish have incredibly small, sharp teeth meant for ripping apart the tissue of fish. Their skeletal system is similar to that of most other ray-skinned fish. It is unknown what exactly they evolved from, but they most likely evolved into what they are now approximately 275 million years ago. Fossils of this particular species are undocumented & it is unknown how many fossils in particular we have of this species. Their phylum is Chordata meaning that they developed these 5 characteristics. All species under the phylum of Chordata develop 5 similar characteristics either In adulthood or as juveniles. The characteristics thatinhey develop include, a notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, endostyle or thyroid, pharyngeal Slits, & a post-anal tail. Also, all chordates possess a circulatory system. This is not to be confused with the word Cordate, which means something heart-shaped. This is typically used in the context of plants. Their class is Actinopterygii, which means that they are ray-finned fish. This also means that their actinopterygian fin rays attach directly to the proximal or basal skeletal elements. This class comprises over 50% of living vertebrate species. Their order is Scorpaeinformes. This is an order of ray-skinned fish such as lionfish, sculpins, & stonefish. It is one of the largest orders of ray-skinned fish, as it has 1,320 species currently categorized under it. Their family is Scorpaenidae. This is a family that holds most of the world's venomous marine fish. Species under this family are mostly found in the Indo-Pacific. The etymology of their name is that it comes from the word scorpionfish. The reason for that is because most animals under this family sting with venomous mucus. Their genus is Synanceia. This genus has all of the living stonefish species categorized within it. This genus contains the most venomous fish ever recorded. Their binomial name is Synanceia verrucosa.  What To Do If You Are Stung By A Reef  Stonefish  There are approximately 50,000 injuries due to envenomation at the fault of a stonefish. The following steps are some steps that you may take to prevent any further damage to yourself. Please remember that this is not a medical sourcebook & that this information may not work for certain individuals for various reasons.  Step No. 1: Remove Any Spines That May Be Attached  The spines from the stonefish may have come off in the limb that you were stung in. If this is the case, remove the spines with gloves. Do not touch them or remove them with bare hands, use a cloth barrier.  Step No. 2: Immerse The Area In Non-Scalding Hot Water Studies show that water immersion that is approximately 45° Celsius (113° Fahrenheit) or there about for 30 to 90 minutes helps soothe the wound. Make sure that the water is no higher than 45° Celsius (113° Fahrenheit) to ensure that the person is not burned or injured further.  Step No. 3: Seek Immediate Medical Assistance From A Hospital This is not the type of sting that is curable on your own. Time is of the essence so immediately go to the hospital after noticing the sting. The more time that you wait the more likely severe complications are. This concludes our segment on what to do in the event of being stung by a Synanceia verrucosa.  Directories / Credits https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8225006/#!po=0.303030 https://www.britannica.com/animal/Synanceja-verrucosa Stonefish: The World's Deadliest Fish - Tynemouth Aquarium Stonefish Facts: The Most Venomous Fish in the World - ... 11 Scary Stonefish Facts - Fact Animal http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/s2008/sumic_igor/index_files/Page635.htm Investigation of the estuarine stonefish (Synanceia horrida) venom ... Hot water immersion as a treatment for stonefish sting: A case report - PMC Strategic Partnerships  Reel Guppy Outdoors Our Loyal Patrons P. R. Ochoa

Today's article will discuss the intriguing history of Monterey, California. Monterey Bay is located on the Monterey Peninsula in Northern California. It is also situated against the Pacific Ocean, making it a prime spot for migrating whales. The bay is known for its historical sites, kayaking, museums, hiking, & the Monterey Bay Aquarium. Monterey Bay is approximately 25 miles across, & has many, many different kinds of marine features. As a result of its diverse environment, it has a biodiversity of animals, including the rare Abalone. The Bay is one of the few places in California where the sport of Abalone diving is permitted, & done. Since it is close to many metropolitan cities, & has many different museums, it is extremely popular among tourists. The bay, along with the town, is also the capital in oceanic science, for both its environment, & the laboratories that are built along the coast. It has many historical sites as well, due to it functioning as the capital of Alta California under Spanish & Mexican rule, & was founded in the year 1770. The bay is extremely biodiverse, & which makes it a favorite among marine creature watchers. The most popular of these creatures to watch are Sea Otters, California Sea Lions, Whales, & Dolphins. Monterey has existed in 4 different countries, & is considered the oldest city in California. The marine life surrounding has been an important part of Monterey’s history since before contact with the Spanish. For example, An important part of the Esselen Indigenous Peoples culture was gathering abalones, mussels, limpets, & various other shellfish along California’s coast. Monterey’s modern population is approximately 30,217 individuals. Since Monterey is only at an elevation of 26 feet & on the San Andrea’s Fault, the area is vulnerable to tsunamis. These tsunamis can damage coastal vegetation, as well as affect the many different marine mollusks & arthropods. In this article, we will discuss the documented history Of Monterey, the aboriginals of Monterey, the most destructive man-caused & natural disasters, & the economic state Of Monterey. With that being said, let us delve into the magnificent history of Monterey. A historic aerial photograph of Monterey, circa 1938. Credit to Fine Art America. The Documented History Of Monterey Before Colonization By The Spanish The Aboriginals of Monterey have occupied the area for thousands of years. It is unclear which aboriginals occupied the area first, or how long exactly they have occupied it for. 3 main groups of indigenous people inhabited the area, those being the Esselen, the Costanoan / Ohlone, & the Rumsen. All three of these tribes are not recognized by the federal government as of 2025. After Colonization By The Spanish Historical Events From the 1500s The first Spanish Settler credited with seeing Monterey Bay is Juan Rodríquez Cabrillo. He laid eyes on the bay on November 17th, 1542. He named the bay “La Bahia de los Pinos”, which translates to, Bay of Pines. He did not venture ashore, though, & simply looked at the bay. Historical Events From The 1600s The next Spanish settler to arrive in the bay was Sebastían Vizcaíno, arriving in December of 1602, approximately 60 years after Cabrillo. His voyage began when the New Spanish Empire was attempting to establish a Pacific Port to supply Spain with Manila Galleons. Additionally, explorers thought that California must have Gold & Pearls. Vizcaíno's failure to find pearls or gold sparked doubt amongst his fellow settlers. Additionally, Vizcaíno promised a harbor as well as a land filled with welcoming natives & resources such as timber, gold, & pearls. Ultimately, Vizcaíno’s ideas could not take form. Vizcaíno was the man to name the bay, calling it “Monte Rey Bay”. The reasoning for this name is after the Spanish Viceroy of New Spain who ordered his expedition in the first place. Under an oak tree overlooking the bay, he & his crew of 200 men celebrated mass in honor of their safe voyage. Historical Events From the 1700s On June 3rd of 1770, Under the same oak tree where Vizcaíno celebrated his victorious voyage, an expedition to celebrate a Presidio in Monterey headed by Captain Gaspar de Portolà was joined by the Franciscan Father Junípero Serra, & mass was held. It was at this Mass ceremony that the city of Monterey was founded. A Royal Presidio, Mission, & the San Carlos de Borromeo de Monterey cathedral were among the first buildings erected in Monterey. In 1771, Father Serra moved from the mission in Monterey to the mission in Carmel, as it offered a more appealing agricultural & political environment. In 1776, Spain named Monterey the Capital of both Baja & Alta California. Additionally, Juan Bautista de Anza arrived with the first Spanish Colonists in Monterey, though most would immigrate to San Francisco. The soldiers who came with him lived largely in the Royal Presidio, along with their wives & families. Historical Events From The 1800s In 1818, the Argentine revolutionary Hipólito Bouchard attacked Monterey to reduce or eliminate the Spanish presence in Alta California. After fighting with the Spanish on both land & sea, He sacked & destroyed parts of the town. His sea attacks were largely against El Castillo. The soldiers quickly rebuilt the town afterward & began industrializing Monterey soon after. They built streets, houses, & businesses outside of the Presidio to establish a larger community. The rest of the historical events for this century will be discussed in the subsection titled “After Colonization By The Mexicans”, as Mexico gained Independence in 1821. After The Colonization By The Mexicans Historical Events From The 1800s In April of 1822, the residents of Monterey finally learned that Mexico had won its independence from Spain, & that they were a part of the newly formed Mexico. Soon after, the Californians pledged their independence to the Mexican Government. Though the Spanish Government discouraged foreign nations from trading with California, the Mexicans still opened international trade. Monterey became the official Port of Entry for California, & British, American, Scottish, Irish, & French ships could not resist the resources that California was offering. The majority of the exports were Hide & Tallow used for soap making. At one point, a dried steer hide was dubbed the “Bank Note Of California”. These hides would largely be used for saddles, harnesses, belts, & various other leather goods. This new trade advanced Monterey at a Rapid Rate, & gave Monterey an international presence. Many immigrants would marry into Mexican families to become Mexican Citizens. In 1842, the U.S. built a consulate in Monterey in response to the growing U.S. presence in California. Thomas Larkin was the first & only American Consul to California. His house still is standing, & is located on Pacific & Jefferson Street. His house is widely considered the origin of the architectural sub-style of Monterey Colonial. Around this time, the Mexican Government gave land grants to both private citizens & the city of Monterey. The city received approximately 30,000 acres of land. In 1842 Commodore Thomas Catesby mistakenly seized California from Mexico. This was quickly sorted out, & Catesby’s shipped nervously sailed away. After Becoming The Republic Of California Historical Events From The 1800s The Republic of California existed from June 14th of 1846 to July 9th of 1846. The reason for this Republic only existing for 25 days is because it wasn’t meant to become a real country. On July 7th, Commodore John Drake Sloat’s Squadron landed in the bay of Monterey, & raised the U.S. flag. After this, the Republic of California was dissolved. After Colonization By The United States Of America Historical Events From the 1800s In 1848, The Mexican War Stopped with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. The first American Alcalde for Monterey was Navy Captain Chaplain Walter Colton. Colton, a graduate of Yale University, was a fine alcalde of Monterey. One of his accomplishments for the town was the construction of Colton Hall, which was the first Californian building to be built under the American Flag. It was opened on March 8th of 1849 to be a town hall & school, but it became much more. Additionally, in 1849, the Californian Military Governor called for a constitutional convention to be held at Colton Hall. The California Constitution was ratified on October 13th. Despite Monterey's importance, it was not the first state capital, a title that instead went to San Jose. On September 9th, 1850, the U.S. Congress admitted California as the thirty-first state of the Union. Many Chinese immigrants began coming to Monterey due to the rich abalone beds & abundance of squid. These immigrants began establishing a community, & by 1853, they established a fishing village near Monterey. Many Chinese immigrants brought their families in search of a new life. These Chinese immigrants would soon be followed by Portuguese whalers, who wanted to make a lucrative career out of whaling. Colton Hall served as the County Seat until 1873 when Salinas took that role. Colton Hall served as a Court House & a Public School from 1873 to 1896. In the modern day, the hall is a museum for Monterey’s History. With railroads becoming the most efficient form of travel, many realized that having a railway in Monterey would make trade much more efficient. So, in 1874, the Monterey & Salinas Valley Road was established. The road was soon overtaken by the Southern Pacific Railroad. One of the big landowners near Monterey had a dream of building a seaside resort. This man was Charles Crocker, & his dreams would come to life very soon. Complete with Gardens, a Polo field, & race tracks, the hotel would open in 1880. This hotel sparked the birth of the Monterey Tourism Industry. As more Japanese & Chinese Immigrants began arriving in the 1890s, many Japanese fishery experts became very interested in the abalone beds of Monterey, & began appraising them. Historical Events From The 1900s In 1900, the first sardine canning plant was opened by H.R. Robbin, & In 1902, the second fish packing & canning plant was opened to create the historic cannery row. It was opened by Otasabaro Noda, & Harry Mapas. These 2 canning factories would be the foundation of Monterey’s historic sardine industry. In 1906, a fishing village near Monterey burnt down, resulting in a large Chinese population relocating to McAbee Beach, & establishing a community. The Robbins factory was taken over by Frank Booth, who began heavily promoting sardines. An associate of Frank Booth, Petro Ferrenate, brought over several Sicilian Fishermen who introduced the Lampara boat & net system. This would massively increase & optimize the salmon, & sardine catches. Booth would go on to hire the Norwegian fishery expert Knut Hovden to mechanize the Canning process. Hovden succeeded in this process & by 1940 there were 19 sardine factories, that were collectively canning 250,000 sardines each year. Unfortunately, issues over wages began arising in the 1920s & 1930s, which caused fishery workers to go on strike. This put a fairly large strain on the sardine industry. A photograph of historic Cannery Row, Monterey, California, circa 1945. Credit to Fine Art America. In 1939, the Path of History connecting 55 historical sites became part of the city's historical preservation plan. In the mid-1940s, the sardine industry slowly began reducing, until eventually, it reduced to nothing at all. The reason for the fishing industry's end is largely due to diminishing sardine catches. The Aboriginals Of Monterey The Esselen Indigenous Aboriginals The Esselen Indigenous Tribe is a small group of Aboriginals located along the Monterey Peninsula, more specifically, the Santa Lucia Mountains. They primarily speak the Esselen Language, which is a part of the Hokan Language Family. The Esselen are one of the smallest tribes in California as of 2025, & their culture is in extreme danger. When Sebastian Vizcaíno arrived, his goal was to convert the Esselen to Catholicism. He built 3 missions around the Santa Lucia Mountains to do so. At these missions, the men & their families were separated & banned from speaking their language or practicing certain cultural behaviors. During the Land Granting period, their land was given away to private owners & they were left to fend for themselves. Very little of their culture survived, & extremely little is known about them. Archeological research is extremely difficult to obtain as their sites in the mountains were extremely remote. This is a link to the official Esselen Website: https://www.esselentribe.org . There are approximately 460 remaining Esselen Individuals. The Ohlone / Costanoan Indigenous Aboriginals The Ohlone Indigenous Aboriginals are a group of native people from the Central California Coast Area. They were formerly known as the Costanoan Aboriginals, but they have since changed the name of their tribe. They have been roaming the coastal areas for thousands of years. The Costanoan Tribe had approximately 15,000 people pre-Spanish contact. Unfortunately, they have been largely written out of California’s History, & were recorded as extinct. Due to the poor records, very little of their culture remains. Thankfully, they have over 2,000 members as of 2025, & have cultural offices in downtown Pomona, California. The Salinan Indigenous Aboriginals The Salinian Aboriginals are an indigenous tribe found from Santa Barbara County to the Central Monterey Peninsula. Their language is in the Hokan Family, & is one of the oldest languages in California, being at least 6,000 years old. The Salinian People lived rather simple lives, mostly hunting, gathering, & farming food. They would often gather acorns, choke cherries, & pine nuts. Basket weaving was also an important part of their culture, & was often done with willow branches & tule reeds. Additionally, they had a deep respect for the natural world & wildlife, specifically birds. Unfortunately, they are not recognized by the federal government. As of 2025, there are approximately 681 individuals in the Salinan Tribe. The Most Destructive Man-Caused & Natural Disasters Of Monterey Unfortunately, we could not find any information on any floods, fires, earthquakes, or ecological disasters directly affecting the bay or the town. The Economic State Of Monterey The largest industries around Monterey are Fishing, Forestry, Hunting, Agriculture, & Tourism. Agriculture is the biggest employer, as Monterey County is the third largest Agricultural County in California. The average income of a Monterey resident is approximately 36,318$ U.S.D. Directories / Credits Citation No. 1: “Dive Into History”, Written By Unknown & Published at an Unknown Date. Published by the City of Monterey. Retrieval Date: October 20th, 2023. https://monterey.org/city_facilities/museums/dive_into_history/early_monterey_history.php Citation No. 2: “Monterey: History On A Half Shell”, Written By Unknown & Published at an Unknown Date. Published By the National Council On Public History. Retrieval Date: October 20th, 2023. https://ncph.org/wp-content/uploads/Monterey-History-on-the-Half-Shell.pdf Citation No. 3: “Our History” Written By Unknown & Published at an Unknown Date. Published by the Esselen Tribe. Retrieval Date: October 20th, 2023. https://www.esselentribe.org/history Citation No. 4: “Costanoan Rumsen Tribe History” Written by Unknown & Published at an Unknown Date. Published by The Costanoan Rumsen Tribe. Retrieval Date: October 20th, 2023. https://www.costaoanrumsen.org/history.html# Citation No. 5: “Atascadero Lake & the Salinan Tribe Of Native Americans” Written By Unknown & Published at an Unknown Date. Published by the City of Atascadero. Retrieval Date: October 20th, 2023. https://www.atascadero.org/files/CM/Salinan%20Native%20American%20History%20Sign%20for%20lake.pdf Citation No. 6: “T’epot’aha’i” Written By Unknown & Published at an Unknown Date. Published by the Salinan Tribe. Retrieval Date: October 20th, 2023. https://salinantribe.com/# Citation No. 7: “Economic Overviews” Written By Unknown & Published at an Unknown Date. Published by the Monterey County Workforce Development Board. Retrieval Date: October 20th, 2023. https://www.montereycountywdb.org/labor-market-information/economic-overviews/ Citation No. 8: “Monterey, California” Written By Unknown & Published at an Unknown Date. Published by Sperling’s Best Places. Retrieval Date: October 20th, 2023. https://www.bestplaces.net/economy/city/california/monterey Strategic Partnerships Reel Guppy Outdoors SharkedSkooler Marine Enthusiasts Podcast STEMScribe Cash Daniels Tides of Tomorrow Our Loyal Patrons P. R. Ochoa

A distinguished photograph of the esteemed Dr. John Frederick Grassle. This article is part of our collection known as the Marine Hall of Distinction. In this special collection, we will discuss marine biologists who we feel have served marine biology and oceanography the most. We do this to commemorate these marine biologists and show gratitude for everything they have contributed to our oceans. Today's marine scientist is Dr. John Frederick Matthews Grassle. Dr. John Frederick Matthews Grassle is well known for his work on deep-sea hydrothermal vents, & his involvement in the development of the Census of Marine Life, as well as the Ocean Biodiversity Information System.  In today's article, we are going to be discussing Dr. Grassle's formative years & education, his personal life & career, & finally, his accomplishments, achievements, honors, & awards. With that being said, let us plunge into today's article!  His Formative Years & Education  Dr. John Matthews Frederick Grassle was born on July 14th, 1939, to John Kendall Grassle, & Norah Iris Grassle in Cleveland, Ohio. Born to a family of 2 children, he had 1 sister, by the name of Norah Jean Bunts.  During his childhood, he gained the nickname of Fred, a name by which he was affectionately known for the rest of his life. While in Junior High School, he found himself fascinated with the underwater world, & entrenched in books about Jacques Cousteau, the marine biological pioneer. He attended Bay Village High School for his secondary education, & was a part of the graduating class of 1957. Upon graduating from secondary school, he attended Yale University for his undergraduate degree in Zoology. During his time at Yale, he found himself working as an intern at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute; his future place of work; where he discovered his love for oceanography & marine science. He completed his undergraduate studies in 1961, before moving on to his P.h.D at Duke University. He strongly finished his education at Duke, finishing his P.h.D in zoology in 1967, with his dissertation topic being "Influence of environmental variation on species diversity in benthic communities on the Continental shelf and slope". His Career & Personal Life Post-graduation, he earned a Fulbright-Hays Fellowship at the University of Queensland in Australia, studying sandworms living on the sea floor.  Soon after, he joined the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute as an Associate Scientist, & began working alongside the late & great Howard Sanders studying Deep Sea biodiversity.  A photograph of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute complex in Massachusetts, United States.  In his early years at the institute, he worked on a variety of things, with his earliest research discussing the diversity of deep-sea benthic megafauna, meaning megafauna that live on the sea floor. During this research, he developed the theory that the ocean floor is similar to a Rainforest in composition, in which different micro-environments allow for oceanic organisms to evolve independently of one another. This eventually led to his involvement in a biological expedition to survey the freshly discovered hydrothermal vents at the Galapagos Rift, in 1977, one of the first of its kind. During this expedition, he conducted groundbreaking research regarding these ecosystems dependence on hydrothermal vents with the help of deep-sea submersible ALVIN, & furthered knowledge on how such places are powered by chemical energy from the earth’s interior, & how they function without a drop of sun. As a result of its importance, this expedition was filmed & documented by National Geographic for their documentary “Dive to the Edge of Creation”. This study inspired him, & caused him to want to learn more about the biodiversity in oceans worldwide, & learn more about how to track it. It led to a lifelong fascination with the subject, which eventually led to the founding of the Census of Marine Life, & the creation of the Oceanic Biogeographic Information System.  He stayed with the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute for 20 years, until deciding to leave the institute for Rutgers University in New Jersey in 1989. Upon joining, he was elected to lead the University Institute of Coastal & Marine Sciences, an institute that he & his wife built together to have its now illustrious marine biology program.  During his first few years at the institute, his research primarily focused on coastal continental shelf & continental slope biodiversity, & developing various kinds of oceanic mass monitoring systems. This interest in having oceanic mass monitoring & informational systems led to him proposing the idea of a census for biodiversity in oceans worldwide, which he coined “Census of the Fishes”, later to become “Census of Marine Life”, in 1996. He wrote to Jesse Ausubel of the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation about the idea, who took an interest. Jointly, they organized the “Census for the Benthos Workshop”, at Rutgers Universities Coastal & Marine Science Institute, garnering much support in the process.  Finally, in 2000, he launched the Census for Marine Life, a 10-year-long, 650 million dollar, comprehensive research experiment, cataloging every animal in our ocean, past, present, & hopefully future. The project was groundbreaking, engaging over 2,700 researchers throughout its lifetime. Founded in association with the Census for Marine Life, was the Ocean Biodiversity Information System, the first large-scale effort to track large-scale marine biodiversity, creature distribution, & population sizes with the use of the internet, which is still in operation to this day.  For all of his efforts heading the Census Steering Committee for 8 years, he was awarded the International Cosmos Prize, a prize-awarding those who have made outstanding strides toward promoting “A Harmonious Coexistence Between Nature & Mankind”. Soon after, in 2009, his entire career, up until then, was chronicled by a group of 5 scientists in an article for the Journal of Deep-Sea Research. This article, titled “A Mosaic of Diverse Ideas: The Ecological Legacy of J. Frederick Grassle”, gave a comprehensive overview of his career, ideas, & legacy.  In 2012, he officially retired from Rutgers University, after 23 years working at the institution.  Sadly, on July 6th, 2018, Dr. John Frederick Grassle was found to have passed away in his sleep at the Regency Jewish Heritage Nursing Home in Franklin Township New Jersey at the age of 78. He is survived by his wife of 53 years, Judith Helen Grassle, along with their son, John Thomas Grassle. He is also survived by his sister, Norah Jean Bunts.  His contributions to marine biology, marine science, and humanity as a whole are immense. He is fondly remembered by colleagues, mentees, and friends alike. His contributions will not be forgotten and continue to inspire Marine Biologists to this day. His Achievements, Accomplishments, Awards, & Honors  Across his career, he had 6 species of Polychaetes, 1 genus of Polychaetes, 3 species of mollusks, & 3 species of crustaceans named after him.  He has authored a plethora of scientific papers, being involved with approximately 80 across his entire career. He was recognized with the Japan Prize in 2013 for his work in advancing marine science, oceanography, & humanity as a whole. The Japan Prize is one of the most prestigious international prizes, & is awarded in the presence of the Prime Minister, Empress, & Emperor of Japan.  For his outstanding contributions to the biological world, he was rewarded with the Grand Prix des Sciences de la Mer Albert de Monaco in 2005 He earned the National Water Quality Monitoring Council's Vision Award in 2008.  He was awarded the Benjamin Franklin Medal in Earth & Environmental Science shortly after, in 2009.  In 2011, for all of his work in oceanography, he was recognized by the American Society of Limnology & Oceanography, A.C. Redfield Lifetime Achievement Award. In the same year, he was awarded the International Cosmos Prize, presented by the Expo 90 Foundation to the Census of Marine Life Scientific Steering Committee, a committee he was integral to the founding & leading of.  From 1994 to 2002, he was the president of the International Association for Biological Oceanography, commonly known as IABO.  Directories / Credits Citation No. 1: “John Frederick Grassle”, Written by Unknown, & Published at an Unknown Date. https://www.geni.com/people/John-Grassle/6000000128692037974 Citation No. 2: “John Frederick Grassle Obituary”, Written by Unknown, & Published on July 6th, 2018. https://www.matherhodge.com/obituaries/John-Frederick-Grassle?obId=27304299 Citation No. 3: “Renowned Rutgers Marine Scientist J. Frederick Grassle, Whose Pioneering Work Helped Unlock the Ocean’s Mysteries, Dies”, Written by the Office of Public Outreach & Communication, Rutgers University, & Published on July 16th, 2018. ttps:// marine.rutgers.edu/announcements/renowned-rutgers-marine-scientist-j-frederick-grassle-whose-pioneering-work-helped-unlock-the-oceans-mysteries-dies/ Citation No. 4: “Dr. John Frederick Grassle”, Written by the Japan Prize Foundation, & Published in 2013.  https://www.japanprize.jp/data/prize/2013/e_2_achievements.pdf Citation No. 5: “A mosaic of diverse ideas: the ecological legacy of J. Frederick Grassle”, Written by Paul V. R. Snelgrove, Rose Petrecca, Karen I. Stocks, Cindy Van Dover, & Cheryl Ann Zimmer, & Published in September 2009. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0967064509001659?via%3Dihub Strategic Partnerships  Reel Guppy Outdoors SharkedSkooler Marine Enthusiasts Podcast  STEMScribe Cash Daniels Our Loyal Patrons P. R. Ochoa

Today's article will discuss the oceans surrounding Monterey Bay, California. Monterey Bay is located on the Monterey Peninsula in Northern California. It is also situated against the Pacific Ocean, making it a prime spot for migrating whales. The bay is known for its historical sites, kayaking, museums, hiking, & the Monterey Bay Aquarium. Monterey Bay is approximately 25 miles across, & has many, many different kinds of marine features. As a result of its diversity of environment, it has a biodiversity of animals, including the rare Abalone. The Bay is one of the few places in California where the sport of Abalone diving is permitted, & done. Since it is close to many metropolitan cities, & has many different museums, it is extremely popular among tourists. The bay, along with the town, is also the capital in oceanic science, for both its environment, & the laboratories that are built along the coast. The town of Monterey has many historical sites as well, due to its functioning as the capital of Alta California under Spanish, & Mexican rule, & its existence being 6 years older than that of the United States. The bay is extremely biodiverse, & which makes it a favorite among marine creature watchers. The most popular of these creatures to watch are Sea Otters, California Sea Lions, Whales, & Dolphins. Monterey Bay is also one of the largest marine protected areas in the USA. This protects animals from harassment, protects the environment from environmentally damaging activities such as fishing, & protects the environment from harmful human interaction. In this article, we will discuss the salinity, tides, temperatures, & marine geography of Monterey Bay, the most prominent ecosystems of Monterey Bay, the documented marine flora & fauna of the bay, & finally, & how ocean acidification has affected Monterey Bay. With that being said, let us delve into the oceans surrounding the beautiful, illustrious Serengeti of the Sea. A marvelous photograph of Monterey Bay's bluffy cliffs in all of their glory. The Salinity, Temperatures, Tides, Marine Geography, & Basic Information Of The Oceans Surrounding Monterey Bay Monterey Bay rests along the Northeastern Pacific Ocean. Since Monterey Bay is so large, the Salinity changes between the areas. The salinity of the bay doesn’t fall below 31 parts per thousand, & doesn’t rise above 34 parts per thousand. Salinity is measured in 1,000 grams. For every 1000 grams of water, there will be a certain number of grams that are pure salt. This is the way that salinity is currently measured. There is a river flowing into the bay, but this doesn’t cause any saline disparities. Aside from this, there are no external factors currently that seem to be affecting the salinity. The temperature charts of Monterey Bay can be found on a plethora of websites, including but not limited to: https://seatemperature.net , https://seatemperature.info , https://seatemperature.info , & finally https://www.watertemp.org . The average annual temperature of Monterey Bay is approximately 56° Fahrenheit (13.3333 Celsius). With this average, a 7-millimeter-thick full wetsuit or an 8-millimeter thick semi-drysuit is recommended for swimming or oceanic sports. The tidal charts can be found on similar websites, including https://www.tide-forecast.com , https://www.tideschart.com , https://www.tideschart.com , & finally https://www.tidetime.org . The tide usually doesn’t get over 7.45 feet (2.27076 meters) or below 0.34 feet (0.103632 meters). Monterey Bay is protected from Open Oceanic currents, however this does not mean it doesn’t have riptide. Before entering the bay, one should always make sure that the riptide isn’t strong. Riptide is a strong type of current that pulls out of inlets. If a swimmer gets caught in a riptide, the swimmer will have major issues getting back to shore, & will possibly need to be rescued. Swimming in Monterey Bay is common, & a very enjoyable experience for those who are used to colder temperatures. The bay is also popular for surfing, kayaking, & paddle boarding. Snorkelling & Scuba Diving are incredibly esteemed as the variety of marine ecosystems & marine fauna creates an interesting experience like no other. Pollution isn’t bad in the bay, as nearly the entire bay is considered a marine protected area. As said in the introductory section, the bay's deepest oceanic point is approximately 12,437 feet (3790.7976 meters) deep. The marine geography of the island is extremely varied, & is not flat in the majority of areas that aren’t coastal. From a variety of perspectives, the best beaches of Monterey Bay are currently considered to be Del Monte Beach, Lovers Point Beach, Spanish Bay Beach, Monterey Municipal Beach, Asilomar State Beach, McAbee Beach, Salinas River State Beach, Monterey State Beach, San Carlos Beach, & finally Carmel River State Beach. The Most Prominent Marine Ecosystems Of The Oceans Surrounding Monterey Bay Ecosystem Type No. 1: Underwater Canyon Monterey Bay has one of the deepest underwater canyons in the entirety of California, which provides an interesting marine habitat. These canyons typically have seagrasses, ray-skinned fish, & crustaceans. Marine mammals usually stay away from these areas as they all breathe air & getting to the surface can be challenging from these areas. These canyons usually go between 1000 feet, & 12,437 feet deep. Usually, this will be rocky rather than sandy. The Monterey Underwater Canyon begins off the coast of Moss Landing, & ends in the open ocean. Ecosystem Type No. 2: Kelp Forests The Kelp forests are the pinnacle of California’s Ecosystems, & are widely considered to be the rainforests of the sea. Kelp forests are areas where kelp, a kind of macroalgae, grow In abundance & great density, similar to a forest. Over 25 different species of kelp encompass these forests, with the most common being Macrocystis Pyfiera. These forests are used as shelter, sustenance, hunting grounds, spawning grounds, & breeding grounds. Additionally, a few different aquaculture farms will use kelp from these areas to feed various farmed fish. Kelp forests also capture carbon at a much quicker rate than land forests, which makes them a massive contributor to lowering carbon dioxide levels. Ecosystem Type No. 3: Oceanic Mounds / Hills Oceanic mounds are found all over Monterey Bay. Oceanic Mounds are areas of the ocean in which there are large underwater mounds. These mounds will cause the waves above to become much larger, which can be more or less noticeable depending on the size of the mound. Oceanic mounds typically have more marine mammals near them than deeper oceanic areas. Ecosystem Type No. 4: Estuaries Estuaries are a kind of coastal ecosystem created by freshwater mixing with saltwater, creating a brackish shallow ecosystem. In Monterey Bay's case, the largest estuary was made by the Salinas River. Many estuaries also support seagrass meadows, as is the case with Monterey. These estuaries are quite shallow, & are important for fish spawning. In certain areas, such as Morro Bay, estuaries can cause salinity issues, however thankfully in Monterey Bay they do not. The most common marine fauna found in this area are small fish, which are often eaten by waterfowl. The Documented Marine Flora Of The Oceans Surrounding Monterey Bay Monterey Bay is extremely biodiverse, with at least 3 different species of marine plants living in the bay. The primary marine seaweeds are Macrocystis Pyfiera (Giant Kelp / Bladder Kelp), & Nereocystis luetkaena (Bull Kelp), though seaweeds are not technically plants, & are instead protists. There is no endemic marine flora that arwill beecognized in 2025. The Documented Marine Fauna Of The Oceans Surrounding Monterey Bay Monterey Bay is extremely biodiverse due to the variety of marine environments. From Sea Otters to Fringeheads Monterey Bay hosts a humongous array of different sea creatures. Animals frequently migrate in & out of the bay, so accurately tracking how many species are in the bay is not simple. As of 2025, there are no endemic marine species. Often the best place to see these animals is in the official permitters of the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary. In this area, one can see seals, sea lions, sea otters, whales, dolphins, & many different waterfowl all year round. The bay is nationally recognized as a hot spot for viewing marine life, both in the wild, & in captivity. Monterey has at least 19 different marine mammals, 200 different species of fish, & 360 different species of Molluscs. For more information on the exact species of Monterey Bay, Please visit https://www.inaturalist.org/places/monterey-bay . How Ocean Acidification & Pollution Are Affecting Monterey Bay Ocean acidification & general rising oceanic temperatures are affecting the marine flora & fauna in Monterey Bay moderately. As the bay acidifies, it causes fish to migrate away, or change their behavioral patterns. For example, due to ocean acidification juvenile rockfish have been less energetic & slower, & as a result, are being eaten by predators in higher numbers. Ocean acidification is a very complex subject, & is primarily caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.  Atmospheric carbon dioxide levels have increased, largely because of human-caused burning of fossil fuels, & deforestation, for the past 150 years.  When carbon dioxide contacts sea water, it forms carbonic acid.  Carbonic acid gives off positive H+ ions, which causes increased oceanic H+ concentrations & decreased oceanic Ph. When the ocean has decreased Ph, it effectively acidifies. When this happens, it causes conditions that will eat at the shells of bivalves. Though many conservationists are working to slow down the effects of this, if nothing is done Monterey will be a bay devoid of paradise. The Rivers That Monterey Bay Supports River No. 1: Salinas River The mouth of the Salinas River opens into central Monterey Bay. The Salinas River is approximately 175 miles (281.635 kilometers) long, & is freshwater. This river is commonly used by farmers to help irrigate their crops. These crops are primarily lettuce, artichoke, broccoli strawberries, & cauliflower. It is not clear how much marine flora & fauna the bodies of water share, however, they do share waterfowl. There are approximately 90 different species of waterfowl documented around the bay & the river. Directories / Credits Citation No. 1: “Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary Overview”, Written by the Superintendent, & Published at an Unknown Date. Published By The National Atmospheric & Oceanic Administration. Retrieval Date: October 15th, 2023. https://montereybay.noaa.gov/intro/welcome.html Citation No. 2: “Physical Oceanography II. Water Masses & Hydrography”, Written By Unknown & Published at an Unknown Date. Published By The National Atmospheric & Oceanic Administration. Retrieval Date: October 15th, 2023. https://montereybay.noaa.gov/sitechar/phys22.html Citation No. 3: “Wetsuit thickness and temperature guide”, Written By Mark Evans, & Published On April 24th, 2023, at 3:05 PM. Published By Scuba Divers Magazine. Retrieval Date: October 15th, 2023. https://www.scubadivermag.com/wetsuit-thickness-and-temperature-guide/#Scuba_diving_wetsuits Citation No. 4: “The Ultimate Guide To Monterey Beaches”, Written By Christine Sarkis, & Published on August 6th, 2023. Published By the Family Vacationist. Retrieval Date: October 15th, 2023. https://familyvacationist.com/the-ultimate-guide-to-monterey-beaches/ Citation No. 5: “Wildlife Viewing”, Written By Unknown & Published at an Unknown Date. Published By the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary. Retrieval Date: October 15th, 2023. https://montereybay.noaa.gov/visitor/access/critter.html Citation No. 6: “Climate Change”, Written By Unknown & Published at an Unknown Date. Published by the Monterey Bay Aquarium. Retrieval Date: October 15th, 2023. https://www.montereybayaquarium.org/act-for-the-ocean/climate-change/the-challenge Strategic Partnerships Reel Guppy Outdoors SharkedSkooler Marine Enthusiasts Podcast STEMScribe Cash Daniels Tides of Tomorrow Our Loyal Patrons P. R. Ochoa

In today’s article, we are going to discuss an Antique Nautical Chart of Tokyo Bay. This map comes courtesy of Maps Of Antiquity, an antique map shop in New England. Tokyo Bay is a bay located in Japan’s Southern Kanto Region, & is named after the city of Tokyo. The bay is very large, stretching to Tokyo in the North, & Yokosuka in the south. It is one of the largest industrial areas in all of Japan, & one of the most populous areas as well. In this article, we are going to delve into the contents of this map, its maker, & what it was made or originally used for. With that being said, let us delve into the serene waters of Tokyo Bay. The Chart Itself An antique nautical chart of Greater Tokyo Bay from the Edo-era. Credit to Maps of Antiquity. This map spans the entire area of Tokyo Bay, as well as the Uraga Channel which connects the bay to the Pacific Ocean. It depicts various seaways both in the bay & near the bay. The bay is officially referred to as “Yedo” Bay on the map, as the name of the bay wasn’t changed to Tokyo Bay until the mid-nineteenth century, as Tokyo was referred to as Edo before that. Names of various coastal cities can be seen, such as Tokyo, spelled Tokio, in the North. The map is uncolored, & is a pristine white & grey color. It is incredibly accurate as well, only missing a few cities. There are 3 small compasses around the map, in the lower right corner, upper middle area, & central right area respectively. The chart is approximately 26 inches wide & 38.5 inches long. An Analysis Of The Chart & Its Contents This map was made in 1889 by the British Admiralty. It was likely made in the mainland United Kingdom in a major city such as London, from data collected by British sailors in Japan. As it was made by the British Admiralty, it was likely used for militaristic purposes. Considering the time that it was made, it was likely made using Lithography. The lithographic method was one of the most popular map-making methods between the early 1820s, & the 1910s. In the lithographic method, the artist will draw directly onto a printing surface, such as zinc, or copper, until they are satisfied with the drawing. After this, the surface will be covered with a chemical etch, which will bond it to the surface. With this process, the blank areas will attract moisture to the plate & repel the lithographic ink, while the areas that are drawn on will hold the ink. Water is then wiped onto the unpainted areas to help prevent the ink from deviating. After the map wanted is inked, the paper is laid over it & covered with a tympan, & the tympan is pressed down. Finally, these materials pass through the scraper bar of the litho press. Afterward, an exact copy of whatever was supposed to be printed is revealed. Directories / Credits All credit for this map analyzed today goes to Maps Of Antiquity, a wonderful New England map shop. To purchase this map, any other maps, or any other cartographic objects, please visit mapsofantiquity.com . To be clear, this is not an advertisement for Maps Of Antiquity, as we do not have a partnership with them. Strategic Partnerships Reel Guppy Outdoors SharkedSkooler Marine Enthusiasts Podcast STEMScribe Tides of Tomorrow Our Loyal Patrons P. R. Ochoa

A lovely portrait of Mr. Greg Eisen at the Cabrillo High School Aquarium. Credit to the Cabrillo High School Aquarium. Recently, our head writer was immensely grateful to sit down with Greg Eisen for an interview discussing his career. Greg Eisen is an Aquarium Director & science communicator best known for his work at the Cabrillo High School Aquarium, located in Lompoc, California. The Aquarium is unique, run entirely out of Cabrillo High School, and has a volunteer staff of 200 dedicated and passionate high schoolers. In today’s interview, we sit down with Greg to discuss this beautiful facility, the founding of the aquarium, & his passion for marine life, in a comprehensive 16-question-long interview. Before delving into today's article, please note everything said has been edited for clarity, & that the opinions of our interviewee do not necessarily reflect the opinions & values of our organization. With that being said, let us delve into the contents of the interview! The Contents Of The Interview: 1. What sparked your passion for marine life & aquariums? Growing up, I spent a lot of time in & around the ocean. I loved the TV series “The Undersea World of Jacques Cousteau”, & it was one of my favorites as a child. My interest in aquariums truly began when I was in University, at California Polytechnic University of San Luis Obispo, when I began keeping my first aquarium. My first aquarium wasn’t a marine one interestingly, it was freshwater, & primarily composed of African cichlids. I’m very passionate about my hobbies, & I got into it. I immensely enjoyed watching them, getting them to breed, & learning more about them! Additionally, at the time, this was around the time that I began visiting public aquariums, such as the Seattle Aquarium & Monterey Bay Aquarium. Those were the first two aquariums that truly helped me fall in love with the subject. All of the tanks that I have currently are occupational & located at the school, I don’t have any at my home. I spend quite a lot of time at school, & I don’t wish to come home & have more organisms to take care of. (Which is perfectly reasonable!) 2. Do you have a specific place, person, location, or experience that assisted in the sparking of your passion? In 1992, I was hired as the Marine Biology Teacher for Cabrillo High School, in Lompoc Unified School District. I didn’t know it before taking the job, however, I was pleasantly surprised to find that they already had a small aquarium club! At the time, it was a very small group of students, & a few tanks in a classroom. Their passion, along with mentorship from Dave Long, the founder of the aquarium, is undoubtedly what sparked my interest. It is such a privilege to work at this wonderful school. 3. What is your favorite marine animal generally, & favorite animal to have in an aquarium? I have been asked this question quite a lot, however, it is near-impossible for me to choose only one favorite animal. In terms of invertebrates, one of my favorites is the Octopus. It is an anomaly in terms of being so short-lived, yet so clever. I love how each octopus has its unique personality. Sometimes you’ll get two of the same species, where one is very antisocial & shy, & refuses to come out. Then you’ll have another one, that is extremely gregarious, & wants to touch you, & is constantly curious about new things. They are very popular with our visitors, as well as our student caretakers. In terms of favorite vertebrate animals, I have so many favorites! I enjoy a multitude of shark species, I’ve swam with Leopard Sharks during both day & night. They are very active in the evenings, & it feels almost surreal when you are night swimming with them. The majority of shark species are not dangerous, however, during our night swim, they were in the midst of a feeding frenzy. I wasn’t worried, as we were in relatively shallow water with good lighting, however, it was still so surreal. 4. As a science & marine biology teacher, what inspired you to become a science communicator? You know, I did not know what I wanted to do immediately out of high school, so I went to community college. I grew up in a little seaside town called El Segundo, & spent much time by the beach. I learned how to surf there, & spent a tremendous amount of time in the water. I went to El Camino Community College in Torrance, California, because I wasn’t quite sure what I wanted in a career. So, I was taking general education classes. I had a biology professor whom I really cherished, and who inspired me. I did not know that I enjoyed science that much, it was the teacher that made it so fun! At that time, I thought “You know what? I’m going to go to Cal Poly to study science, & I want to ultimately become a science teacher”, which is precisely what I did. When I got to Cabrillo High School, I was truly inspired by the staff, especially the coaches, on many levels. When I first arrived I was coaching soccer, as I love sports, & working with youth of course. Dave Long, the founder of the aquarium, roped me in right away “Hey you’re the marine science teacher, come help me at the Cabrillo High School Aquarium!”. I love learning from mentors, & truly I feel that you can learn from anyone. I learn from my students all of the time. Questions About His Career At The Cabrillo Aquarium & The Aquarium Itself: 5. Do you mind giving a summary of the institutions that you have worked with throughout your career? Yes; it’s very brief! I started at Cabrillo High School in 1992 & that was my first career. I’ve taken other jobs while working my way through university, however, I wouldn’t call those a part of my career. Once I got there, I fell in love with the school, the community, & my beautiful wife, & got married 2 years after I arrived. We’ve enjoyed being a part of this community. My wife & I were both coaches when we met, & she became the first Aquarium Outreach Coordinator for the aquarium. She assisted in organizing tours, & assisting in mobile exhibits for schools that could not visit us. 6. What exactly is your role at the Cabrillo High School Aquarium, & Cabrillo High School? My roles are quite extensive as a director. I oversee all aspects of running the aquarium, but I’m very thankful to have two other staff members who I work very closely with who help me greatly. The three of us jointly operate the aquarium, along with our industrious staff of 200 students. Each year, we interview & choose next year’s student curators, who function as the leadership team of the aquarium. Apart from this, each of us is also a full-time Science Teacher. It is a heavy workload, but it’s a labor of love. One of us three is at the aquarium 365 days per year; you can't take a day off with live animals in the mix. 7. How many exhibits does the aquarium have, what is the biodiversity at the aquarium, & what regions are represented in this Aquarium? We currently have about 24 exhibits, with certain exhibits having sub-exhibits within them. For example, we have these wet laboratories that have multiple tanks & within each tank, you can have multiple micro-habitats. We developed these small laboratories based on a model from the Monterey Bay Aquarium, however they are primarily used for experiments. Additionally, we have a touch-tank exhibit, which is one of the most pristine touch tanks that I have seen at any public aquarium, with cascading pools, & each pool has a different assemblage of animals. Although I count it as one exhibit, it technically has 5 individual tanks. As for biodiversity, we primarily have cold-water coastal species, such as animals native to the Kelp Forest. Due to our aquarium being very close to California's Coastline, we mainly have California native species. In addition to this, we have a freshwater exhibit, as well as a rainforest exhibit, which is primarily composed of South American critters. We took inspiration for this exhibit from this gorgeous mural that a local artist created of a South American ecosystem, & we wished to expand our aquarium to have accuracy with our art. We are also expanding to create a new tropical gallery, with tropical fish species. At one point we had a tropical tank in the middle of all of our cold water tanks, & it did not make sense visually. To combat this, we started a new room, which I am calling the Tropical Fish Gallery, using 1 of our old tanks, & 6 state-of-the-art tanks that were graciously donated by the Monterey Bay Aquarium to us from their now-closed Tentacles Exhibit. It's going to be incredible when it is finished, & we are hoping to have it up and running by the Fall or Winter of 2025. 8. What is the story of the aquarium's founding, & can you describe what it took to build the aquarium from a few tanks to the 6,000-square-foot wonder that it is today? I'd love to tell you that story, it's such a beautiful one. Dave Long, the founder of the aquarium, was a long-time teacher at the high school as well as a coach. He had a passion for the ocean & the sea, & loved it. He was an avid Scuba Diver, & the underwater was his second home. It all started with a question, as most things do. "Why can't we have in the academic sphere something similar to the gymnasium where the public comes in & becomes excited about what students are learning?", & "Why can't we use the sea as a catalyst for this?". After this vision, he was determined to make this happen, & in 1986, he founded the aquarium as a Marine Biology Club. So many people told him that this wouldn't work, & to this day people don't believe that the aquarium is as grand as it truly is. "You're a public school & you have this?", yes, we most certainly do, because someone had a vision. He asked for help from his students & fellow teachers, & if he was shot down he would simply move on to the next person. He never let money be the issue, & he was extremely passionate. That is something that I would advise to everyone, be passionate! It started in a small classroom, however, he kept making partnerships with people at the high school & in the community, which is truly the story of our aquarium. It is a tale of partnerships, which fits nicely into our motto of "A Partnership With The Sea". He convinced enough people to make this a reality, including the California Legislature, which assisted in the final needed funding to build the new aquarium structure in 2000, about 25 years ago now. Boy time does fly! When people walk into the aquarium now, the first comment they make typically isn't about the Aquarium's Grandeur. It's usually along the lines of "I had no idea that High School Students could be this articulate, or such good ambassadors for the sea". We have our students involved in all aspects of the aquarium, including the Grant Presentations. It's a great experience for the students, many of the students are more articulate than I am quite honestly. 9. What exactly is your adopt-a-tank, & adopt-an-animal program? What do you offer through that program to interested donors? This was a wonderful student idea! A student several years ago created this new, & innovative way that individuals, families, & businesses can contribute to the aquarium. The program gives people a way to contribute to the maintenance of an individual exhibit or animal group, & provides them with a way to truly support our aquarium. We have monthly open house events where the community at large comes in, & we shall set tables up where people can learn about this program. We are immensely grateful to each of our donors, & it creates a special relationship between our community & our aquarium. 10. What volunteer opportunities do you offer to students at your aquarium? We offer a multitude of Volunteer Opportunities to our students that are not only focused on marine science. Many students want to come in & be generalists in the aquarium which is all right, however, we also offer many opportunities for our students to specialize, primarily for our curator program. These students specialize in anything, from sharks to jellyfish. We have one of the most pristine Jellyfish exhibits from Monterey to Long Beach. Our curator program is our student leaders at the aquarium, who are handpicked by our staff advisors. Each student interested in obtaining a curator-ship must apply, be interviewed, & then be selected for the next school year. In addition to the aquarium itself, we have a gift shop, which is staffed by a student manager as well as student workers. We also have a newsletter, staffed by student writers & a student editor. We have a specialist nutrition team as well, which solely focuses on the feeding & diets of our creatures here at the aquarium; which never ends! 11. Did you receive any training before running the aquarium, or during your directing of the aquarium, if so, may I ask what the training was? Without a doubt, the majority of the training that I have gotten has been on-the-job training; & that is what makes being in the aquarium so fun! It never gets old, we're continually learning. There has been some specialist training in the form of our visiting public aquariums we visited the Monterey Bay Aquarium in March 2025. We get special behind-the-scenes tours & pick the brains of the aquarists there, as well as enjoying the exhibits. Their aquarists taught us how to successfully stimulate our Moon Jellyfish to strobilate from their polyp form to their medusae form! Monterey Bay has some of the most well-known, amazing, & knowledgeable jellyfish aquarists in the world. Recently, we became a certified Career Technical Education Program from Lompoc School District, which the aquarium was a perfect fit for! To receive this certification, we did receive specific training, which has helped us to raise the bar. We're always looking to see "How can we improve?". When you have that mindset, you actively look for ways to learn. We truly believe that you're either learning & improving, or slanting & declining. You can't only maintain the status quo. 12. What is the most interesting experience that you have had at the aquarium with a marine animal, or what are your top experiences? Oh my, there are so many I could share! Interesting experiences include; having an evening open house event & all of the sea stars in our touch tanks started spawning simultaneously; having an elementary school group coming through while the sharks begin breeding right there in front of everyone; & having thousands of moon jellyfish begin strobilating on Christmas Day! 13. What is your proudest moment or triumph of running the aquarium? Quite frankly, my proudest moments are when the students perform exceptionally. When the students rise & hit the ball out of the park. Recently, two of our students gave this fantastic presentation to the Santa Barbara County Board of Supervisors, & they did such an amazing job. We won the grant, & were awarded the 90,000$ for our tropical fish gallery. As a teacher, these are the moments I am the most proud of. Once in a while though, you have to stop, take a deep breath, look around, & appreciate this for all that it is. We have a tremendous team and a beautiful mission, & we're serving others, which I feel is a secret ingredient in building an organization. It's truly powerful work that keeps us coming back. 14. You have likely experienced just as many failures & setbacks as you have triumphed, what is the largest hurdle that you have faced in running the aquarium? Challenges are every day. When failures happen, we try to use them as opportunities to learn. I'd say that we do a fantastic job at the aquarium with our critters, however, one of the largest hurdles is simply the time-intensive nature of it all. It takes an extreme amount of time & energy. When the tough times happen, we will share it with the students, & sometimes that means admitting "Hey, I screwed up!". Mistakes do happen, & you've got to own them! I don't attempt to hide my failures from the students, as they can learn from my mistakes just as much as they can learn from their own. 15. Do you have any advice for new aquarists, science teachers, science communicators, or anyone looking to enter the marine science field? Be passionate! No matter what you are doing, be passionate about it, & think big. Dream big, & go big. A lot of times we can be small in our thinking, & why not shoot for the stars? Also, have good mentors if you are starting. There is someone out there doing what you are doing successfully, & success leaves clues. We all need mentors, including yours truly! I wish to keep learning, & keep growing. Finally, you never arrive. Once you accomplish one goal or one dream, celebrate it, that is important, however, you have to think of the next steps, & the journey never ends. 16. Do you have any final words about the aquarium, your career, or science communication? If you haven't had a chance & you're ever in Southern California, please come check out the work that our students are doing over at the Cabrillo High School Aquarium! A photograph of Cabrillo High School Aquarium, with many diligent high school students tending to the various tanks. Credit to Cabrillo High School Aquarium. Directories / Credits: https://www.cabrillohighschoolaquarium.org Strategic Partnerships: Reel Guppy Outdoors SharkedSkooler Marine Enthusiasts Podcast StemScribe Cash Daniels Our Loyal Patrons: P. R. Ochoa

A stunning photograph of the historic Mount Tachu, known for its breathtaking hikes. Credit to AllThePeaks. Today’s article will discuss the oceans surrounding the island of Yakushima, Japan. Yakushima, Japan is located in the Kagoshima Prefecture. The island is in Southern Japan, & is located in the Ōsumi Islands archipelago. The island is known for its beautiful cedar wood forests, macaque monkeys, deer, Yaku Sagi trees, & their loggerhead turtle sights. Approximately 40% of all Loggerhead turtles coming into Japan are coming to Nagata Beach, on northern Yakushima Island. A big reason for the island being able to host such wonderful creatures is because the Yakushima National Park takes up 42% of the island. Part of the national park also includes a marine reserve, which hosts some of the loggerhead turtles. The name Yakushima translated into English means “Medicine Island”, due to the medicinal properties of the herbs there. Yakushima Island is approximately 285.58 nautical miles (328.639595 miles or 528.89416 kilometers) from mainland South Korea. Yakushima island is approximately 194.9 square miles (504.78868 square kilometers), of which 83.807 square miles (217.059134 square kilometers) is a National Park. Part of this national park contains a marine sanctuary, which protects the various marine creatures. Yakushima’s history spans 17,000 years, beginning in the south. It is designated as a Unesco World Heritage Center, for its ancient yakusagi trees. The highest elevation on the island is Mount Miyanoura, which is 6,352 feet (1936.09 meters). The current population of Yakushima is approximately 11,698. The main town on the island is also synonymously called Yakushima, the website of this town is currently  http://www.yakushima-town.jp/ . Administratively, the whole island is the town of Yakushima. There are approximately 21 different postal codes on the island. In this article, we will discuss the Documented History Of Yakushima, the Aboriginals of Yakushima, the Most Destructive Man-made & Natural Disasters of Yakushima, & finally the Economic state of Yakushima. With that being said, let us delve into this ethereal island.  The Documented History Of Yakushima Before Colonization Yakushima Island was formed when molten granite was forced upwards by tectonic movement, forming the island itself. After the formation of the island, granite slowly rose at a rate of 1 meter per thousand years, which formed the mountains on the island. This granite is still rising but at a much slower pace.  Yakushima has had humans around the island for at least 17,000 years, & on the island for at least 6,000. Evidence of human inhabitants has appeared in dwellings, ceramics, & fishing equipment. Yakushima most likely has more evidence, but very few archeological expeditions have taken place. It is for this reason that the prehistoric history of Yakushima island is extremely poorly understood. After Colonization By The Japanese Empire Historical Events From the 700’s After this Chinese priests began regularly going on missions to the island, the most prominent of which are Ganjin. Ganjin visited the island in the year 753. It is said that Ganjin did not think the island was particularly important, but he did acknowledge the island's medicinal resources.  Historical Events From The 900’s During the 900’s & the 1000’s the island became popular among Japanese Aristocracy, for its precious shells that were used as ornaments for various crafts.  Historical Events From 1000’s & 1100’s Yakushima continued to export shells in this century, & aside from that didn’t grow much economically or culturally. Historical Events From The 1200’s & 1300’s There is extremely little information on what exactly went on in this century, but there is information on the neighboring island of Tanegashima. Many have theorized that the reason for this lack of records is that Yakushima just generally, was unproductive.  Historical Events From The 1400’s In 1488, religious pilgrimages became more popular in Japanese Culture. These pilgrimages were to pay homage to the gods. It soon became common practice for villagers to venture deep into the Mountains once or twice a year to pray. This practice was officially known as Takemariri. Historical Events From The 1500’s In the year 1543, a few Portuguese explorers arrived on the nearby island of Tanegashima, with muskets, & sweet potatoes. They sold some of these sweet potatoes to the merchants of Yakushima, & some of their muskets. Sweet Potatoes soon became a national staple of the Japanese diet, & firearms became extremely popular for defense, in Yakushima. Also in this century, after the warlord Hideyoshi Toyotomi initiated combat with the Shimazu clan, & lost, the Shimuzu ordered some extremely old Yaku Sagi Trees to be cut down. These trees were cut down, & sent to Tokyo, but it is debated if they ever arrived.  Historical Events From The 1600’s During the 1600’s the lumber industry on the island grew massively. The reason for this was that a period of near-constant warfare ended during this century, prompting the construction of many new castles. Before this century, only small trees near the coast were cut down for domestic use, but now it is proposed that the large Yaku Sagi trees in the mountains should be cut. The islanders revered these trees as they were an extremely important part of their religion, so they rejected any of these ideas very quickly. However, a preacher, Tomari Jochiku, who was originally a citizen of the island returned & began convincing the villagers to cut these trees & expand the lumber industry. He convinced these villagers that he had spoken with the gods & that they had given the villagers permission to capitalize upon their lumber. It is theorized that he was counseled by the ruling Shimazu Clan to do this to capitalize on Yakushima’s abundant forests, but this is unclear. After this, Tomari was considered a local saint as he expanded the local economy & made many middle-class locals, very wealthy.  Historical Events From The 1700’s An Italian Missionary known as Giovanna Batista Sidotti arrived on the island. Sidotti did not travel as a part of a missionary group or program, instead visiting completely alone. Upon arrival, He was promptly taken prisoner in Nagasaki. While in Nagasaki, he befriended a politician named Arai Hakuseki. Hakuseki eventually arranged for Sidotti to sail to Tokyo on house arrest. Sidotti held a close relationship with Hakuseki until his unfortunate death in 1714. Right before his passing, it was discovered he converted his sailors to Christianity. This greatly angered the Japanese Authorities as Christianity had been outlawed in Japan in the 1630’s. As punishment, he was locked in the cellar of a building until his death, where his remains would stay until their discovery in 2014. After this, Yakushima seemingly disappeared from the records once again.  Historical Events From The 1800’s Yakushima reappeared in the records during the 1800s when Land Surveys were taken of the island. In these surveys it was noted for its natural environmental value, & fishing value. Around this time, the Hiragi industry also grew. Hiragi are Cedar Wood roofing tiles, that are durable, water-resistant, & easy to transport. It was so popular that the island's annual stipend began being paid in Hiragi tiles, instead of rice. This unfortunately came to a massive halt when the shogunate collapsed in 1868. This industry wouldn’t begin recovering for at least another decade. Historical Events From The 1900’s  The Hiragi industry continued rising up until the start of World War 2 when it began falling apart. The industry slowly recovered afterward, & cedar wood roofing shingles are still produced to this day. The majority of the trees on the island near the interior regions of the island were cut down & sent to mainland Japan. A logging village called Kosugidani was established in the 1920s to facilitate more forestry. The logging officially stopped in 1970, & the last villagers left in 1972. The remains of this village can be found deep in the mountains today. The Aboriginals Of Yakushima Island  Unfortunately, we simply do not have enough information to discuss the aboriginal Japanese of Yakushima, as there has not been enough archaeological data available to properly write a section.  The Most Destructive Man-Caused & Natural Disasters To Affect Yakushima Island During typhoon seasons, Yakushima is often hit by strong rain & wind. This often causes roadblocks, flooding, & generally bad conditions. Unfortunately, aside from these occasional typhoons, we cannot find any information on major disasters affecting Yakushima.  The Economy Of Yakushima Island The primary industries of the island are currently tourism, commercial fishing, & forestry. Also, the exporting of cedar wood shingles remains a prominent staple of the economy. The exporting of tea is also becoming increasingly popular. Tourism makes up approximately 72% of the economy of the island. Approximately 200,000 tourists visit Yakushima every year. Directories / Credits Citation No. 1: “Yakushima - A Brief History” Written by Unknown & Published at an Unknown Date. Published by YES! Yakushima. Retrieval Date: October 11th, 2023.  https://yesyakushima.com/facts-about- yakushima/yakushima-history Citation No. 2: “Yakushima - The Alps Of The Ocean” Written By Unknown & Published at an Unknown Date. Published by YES! Yakushima. Retrieval Date: October 11th, 2023.  https://yesyakushima.com/yakushima-the-alps-of-the-ocean/ Citation No. 3: “About Yakushima” Written By Unknown & Published at an Unknown Date. Published by Go! Yakushima. Retrieval Date: October 11th, 2023.  https://goyakushimatour.com/about-yakushima Strategic Partnerships  Reel Guppy Outdoors SharkedSkooler Marine Enthusiasts Podcasts STEMScribe Our Loyal Patrons P. R. Ochoa

Anne Rudloe preparing to go diving at a U.S Naval Base in Panama City as a part of her involvement with the naval "Scientists in the Sea" program. This article is a part of our collection known as the Marine Hall Of Distinction. In this special collection, we will discuss marine biologists who we feel have served marine biology & oceanography the most. We do this in order to commemorate these marine biologists & to show gratitude for everything they have contributed to our oceans. Today’s marine biologist is Dr. Anne Rudloe, an American Marine Scientist.  Dr. Anne Rudloe is an American marine biologist, Zen Buddhist, author, conservationist, & co-founder of the Gulf Specimen Marine Laboratory. She is well known for her numerous books on marine life, science communication, & efforts to bring people as a whole closer to the ocean.  In today's article, we are going to be discussing Dr. Rudloe's formative years & education, personal life & career, & finally her accomplishments achievements, honorable, & awards. With that being said, let us dive into today's article.  Her Formative Years & Education  Anne Rudloe was born Anne Eidemiller on December 24th, 1947 in Troy, Ohio. She soon moved to Hampton, Virginia, where she was raised, & would eventually go to university. Very little is known about her life prior to university. Rudloe graduated from university in 1969, with an undergraduate in biology from Mary Washington College in Virginia. Soon after in 1972, she earned a master's degree in Oceanography from Florida State University, for her thesis research on turtle grass beds.  She worked on her P.hd in Marine Biology for 6 years, before successfully completing it in 1978. Her dissertation was on the subject of behaviors in Atlantic Horseshoe Crabs. Her Personal Life & Career In 1971, Rudloe married her husband, Jack Rudloe, who was also a naturalist & author. It was here that she changed her name to match her husband's, leaving behind her maiden name of Eidemiller. Upon completing her P.hD, she went to train at the U.S Naval Base in Panama City as a part of their Scientists in the Sea Program, to study underwater diving. She completed the program, breaking glass ceilings in the process, as she was the first woman to complete the program. Thereafter, she became an adjunct professor at her Alma mater Florida State University. However, she would soon begin another new ambitious endeavor. In 1980, she co-founded the Panacea Institute of Marine Science in Panacea, Florida, an institute dedicated to marine biology. In 1990, she co-founded the Gulf Specimen Marine Laboratory, also in Panacea, Florida, with her husband. She was the first managing director of the institution. It was started as a non-profit teaching organization a purpose which it currently fulfills. Modernly, the laboratory operates an aquarium available for the public to see, operates science outreach camps for children, & helps to rescue sick & injured animals off the coast of Florida. Over 250,000 children are believed to have toured the aquarium & been introduced to marine science as such, helping to fuel the next generation of oceanic innovation. Unfortunately, on April 27th, 2012, she passed away after a battle with colon cancer. She is survived by her husband, Jack Rudloe, & her son. In her personal life, she would frequently study Zen Buddhism. She received an INGA, also known as a Dharma Transmission, & a JDPSN certification from the Kwan Um School of Zen. She used her qualifications to begin as the Abbess at Cypress Tree Zen Center in Tennessee, which is effectively the head of a Buddhist nunnery or temple.  Her contributions to Zen Buddhism, Marine Life, Marine Conservation, & Ocean Science as a whole will not be forgotten, & have left a beautiful legacy behind.  Her Accomplishments, Achievements, Honorables, & Awards  She has authored 5 naturalistic books fiction & non-fiction books, including Butterflies on a Sea Wind, 2002, & Shrimp: The Endless Quest for Pink Gold, 2009.  She co-founded the Gulf Specimen Marine Laboratory in Panacea, Florida, alongside her husband, Jack Rudloe. She was the leader of a Zen Buddhist Temple, serving as the Abbess, or head nun.  She was the first woman to complete the Scientists in the Sea U.S. Naval program. In 2020, she was posthumously named a River & Bay Champion by the Northwest Florida Water Management District. Her son & husband stood in her place to accept the award, with her husband saying "My family and I are deeply honored to accept this award on behalf of our wife and mother. Anne dedicated her life to teaching the next generation about the importance of our ecosystems using our local bays and rivers as her classroom,” as well as “Through her teachings at the FSU Center for Professional Development and Gulf Specimen Marine Lab she provided a voice for our coastal areas and helped to grow Champions of the future. We are proud to continue her legacy through our work every day at Gulf Specimen Marine Laboratory in Panacea." She has authored numerous naturalistic articles for magazines such as National Geographic. She posthumously won the National Wetlands Award, which is an incredibly prestigious award from the Environmental Law Institute. In 2020, Gulf Marine Specimen Laboratory was awarded a 450,000$ grant by Volunteer Florida to build a new 2,000-square-foot state-of-the-art teaching facility, alongside a new parking lot. Along with this, they were given a land donation from Nancy & Gene Phipps to help construct their new facility. This new teaching facility is named the Anne Rudloe Memorial Education Center, & is currently conducting courses on aquaculture. Directories / Credits  Citation No. 1: "Anne Rudloe Education Center", Written by Unknown, & Published at an Unknown Date. Published by the Gulf Specimen Marine Laboratory. Anne Rudloe Education Center Citation No. 2: "Jack & Anne Rudloe", Written by Unknown, & Published at an Unknown Date. Published by the Environmental Law Institute. Jack and Anne Rudloe | Environmental Law Institute Citation 3: "Jack & Anne Rudloe Papers", Written by Jack & Anne Rudloe, & Published at varying dates. Collection assembled by the University of Florida. Collection: Jack and Anne Rudloe Papers | Special & Area Studies Collections Strategic Partnerships  Reel Guppy Outdoors SharkedSkooler Marine Enthusiasts Podcast StemScribe Our Loyal Patrons P. R. Ochoa

A gorgeous photograph of Yakushima's coastline. Credit to Sam Spicer Photography. Today’s article will discuss the oceans surrounding the island of Yakushima, Japan. Yakushima, Japan is located in the Kagoshima Prefecture. The island is in Southern Japan, & is located in the Ōsumi Islands archipelago. The island is known for its beautiful cedar wood forests, macaque monkeys, deer, Yaku Sagi trees, & their loggerhead turtle sights. Approximately 40% of all Loggerhead turtles coming into Japan come to Nagata Beach, on northern Yakushima Island. A big reason for the island being able to host such wonderful creatures is because the Yakushima National Park takes up 42% of the island. Part of this national park also includes a marine reserve, which hosts some of the loggerhead turtles. The name Yakushima translated into English means “Medicine Island”, due to the medicinal properties of the herbs there. Yakushima Island is approximately 285.58 nautical miles (328.639595 miles or 528.89416 kilometers) from mainland South Korea. Yakushima island is approximately 194.9 square miles (504.78868 square kilometers), of which 83.807 square miles (217.059134 square kilometers) is a National Park. Part of this national park contains a marine sanctuary, which protects the various marine creatures. Additionally, the island has beautiful small lagoons, frequently visited by locals & tourists alike. These small lagoons provide a glimpse into what is considered the “other-worldly” marine ecosystems. The most popular beaches on the island are Isso Beach, Kurio Beach, Nagata Beach, Inakahama Beach, & Jodogahama Beach. In this article, we will discuss the salinity, tides, temperatures, & marine geography, of the island, the most prominent ecosystems of the island, the documented marine flora & fauna, & Finally, & how ocean acidification has affected the island. With that being said, let us delve into the oceans surrounding the spectacular, Yakushima Island.  The Salinity, Tides, Temperatures, Marine Geography, & Basic Information Of The Oceans Surrounding Yakushima Island Unfortunately, the salinity of Yakushima Island has yet to be measured. Since Yakushima Island rests in the Northern Pacific Ocean, it has a lesser salinity than the Atlantic. Salt deposits or brine pools have not been proven to be found around the island in higher concentrations than other areas. However, this could change. Since the average salinity of the water in the Pacific Ocean is 35 parts per thousand at any given time, it can be assumed that the salinity level is somewhere around that number. Salinity is measured in 1,000 grams. For every 1000 grams of water, there will be a certain number of grams that are pure salt. This is the way that salinity is currently measured. There are no external factors currently that seem to be affecting the salinity either. The tidal charts for Yakushima Island can be found on a variety of sources, including  https://tides4fishing.com ,  https://www.seatemperatu.re , &  https://www.tideschart.com . The tide usually never gets over 6.7 feet (2.04216 meters). The temperature charts for Yakushima can be found on similar websites, such as https://tides4fishing.com . As far as we are aware, Yakushima does not have high riptide, & is completely safe for swimmers, with the most popular beach for swimming being Isso Beach. Pollution isn’t an issue either, as the Japanese Government takes sanitation measures very seriously. Scuba diving, kayaking, and snorkeling are also fairly common, as Yakushima does have beautiful coral reefs. Due to the average temperature being a fair 66.56° Fahrenheit (19.2° Celsius), a 5-millimeter full-coverage wet suit is suggested to comfortably swim. Though in the summers, the temperature can go well over 28° Celsius (82.4 Fahrenheit) making it so that no wetsuit is required. The primary substances composing the oceanic floor are coral, sand, & rock. We unfortunately, are unable to figure out how deep the oceans surrounding Yakushima are, due to poor oceanic floor maps. The Most Prominent Marine Ecosystems Of Yakushima Island Ecosystem Type No. 1: Fringing Coral Reefs  The coral reefs nearby are usually within 30 feet of surface level & are directly against the coastline. They are absolutely beautiful & attract millions of dollars in tourism each year. These areas serve as a home, a habitat, & a hunting ground for many creatures. Not to mention that the coral itself is alive. The types of coral reefs around Yakushima, are known are fringing coral reefs instead of barrier reefs. Unfortunately, coral is extremely susceptible to oceanic acidification, as well as negative human activity. It is for this reason that there should be active conservation work to prevent the death of Yakushima’s beautiful coral reefs. Currently, these coral reefs house roughly 1 third of all fish species around Yakushima island, of which there are approximately 520. These coral reefs bring in the strangest of creatures, from sea snakes to pufferfish, Yakushima is an island that never ceases to amaze.  Ecosystem Type No. 2: Rocky Lagoons The lagoons around Yakushima are usually fairly shallow, & are often visited by humans. These lagoons usually have many different species of waterfowl nearby them, as the waterfowl prefer these kinds of ecosystems. These ecosystems also usually have patches of marine seagrass. These ecosystems are found fairly frequently around the island, & are often swimming in due to their shallow waters, & often beautiful views. This ecosystem is less biodiverse, but it is just as important. Usually, they are extremely close to the coastline, & have underwater rock formations near them.  The Documented Marine Flora Of Yakushima Island Unfortunately, we are unable to confirm what species of marine flora are found around Yakushima. This is largely due to the marine plant life of Yakushima being understudied.  The Documented Marine Fauna Of Yakushima Island Yakushima is extremely biodiverse on both land & in the sea. This is due to the extremely desirable conditions of Yakushima. These conditions are there largely due to the Kuroshiro Current, which supplies warm water to the island year-round. This gives Yakushima a much milder winter compared to the rest of Japan. These conditions are evidenced in that Yakushima island has approximately 520 species of Ray-Skinned Fish, & 78 species of marine mollusks. For those who would like to see a list of all of these species, please visit  https://www.inaturalist.org . The island has at least 2 species of endemic fauna, but neither of them are aquatic. By far, the most prominent species of marine fauna on the island is the Loggerhead turtle. It is extremely hard to establish how many species are in Yakushima at any given moment, as the majority of creatures migrate. For example, the Loggerhead turtle only migrates to Yakushima from April to September, to nest. This is why, all research experiments about the amount of marine fauna around the island must be done over a drawn-out period The best place to see Marine life on the island is Isso Beach, located on the northwestern side of the island.  Directories / Credits Citation No. 1: “Diving & Snorkelling” Written By Unknown & Published at an Unknown Date. Published By Yes Yakushima. Retrieval Date: October 5th, 2023.  https://yesyakushima.com/yakushima-activities/yakushima-ocean-activities/yakushima-diving-snorkelling/ Citation No. 2: “Wetsuit thickness and temperature guide” Written By Mark Evans, & Published On April 24th, 2023, at 3:05 PM. Published By Scuba Divers Magazine. Retrieval Date: October 5th, 2023. https://www.scubadivermag.com/wetsuit-thickness-and-temperature-guide/#Scuba_diving_wetsuits Citation No. 3: “Yakushima, JP, KS”, Written By To Many To Name, & Published at Varying Dates. Published By INaturalist. Retrieval Date: October 5th, 2023.  https://www.inaturalist.org/places/yakushima#page=10&taxon=47178 Citation No. 4: “MARINE LIFE in YAKUSHIMA” Written By Yakumonkey, & Published at an Unknown Date. Published By Yakumonkey. Retrieval Date October 5th, 2023. https://www.yakumonkey.com/marine-life-in-yakushima Strategic Partnerships  Reel Guppy Outdoors  SharkedSkooler Marine Enthusiasts Podcasts STEMScribe Our Loyal Patrons P. R. Ochoa

Today’s map is an antique map of Taiwan, & the Island of Luzon, The Philippines. Taiwan is a large island off the coast of China, in the northern Pacific Ocean, while the isle of Luzon is the largest island in the Philippine Archipelago, with the largest population of any Philippine isle. The chart spans a decent amount of land, covering approximately 800 miles of the Pacific Ocean.  The map is in fair condition, apart from a stain near the upper right corner, a stain near the bottom of the map, as well as a few wrinkles & fold marks.  In this article, we will discuss the map itself, the translation of certain sections of the map, & analyze this antique nautical map. With that being said let us delve into the Isles of Taiwan, & Luzon.  The Chart Itself  An antique nautical chart of Taiwan & the Philippines. Due to the map being in English, there is no need for translation. The map spans covers 3 main areas, those being Taiwan, Luzon, & China’s Haitan Bay. Although the map is uncolored, it has yellowed with age. On the chart, there are the names of various islands & topographic features, with a few areas noted as “position doubtful”, or “uncertain or doubtful”. The chart proves to be fairly accurate, apart from the areas it declares as uncertain. The chart has approximately 8 different compasses in the Left, Right, & Central areas of the map, drawn on very lightly.  An Analysis Of The Chart  This chart was designed & released in 1863, by the Scottish pair of Hydrographers James Imray & his son, James Frederick Imray. The map was created & published in London, as that is where the cartographic office of the Imray’s was located. This map was made available for purchase by Maps of Antiquity. It is unclear whether or not the map is a part of any particular collection of the Imray. The map was made for Civilian Use, & it is unlikely that it was used by any militaries or militia groups.  Considering the makers of the chart & the time period, this map was likely made with Lithography. Lithography is a method of printing that arose in the 1820s, & remained the most popular method of printing until the early 1930s when more efficient methods became available. There are 2 main methods, with one of the methods remaining popular well into the modern day for producing large quantities of prints.  In the common lithographic method of the time, the artist will draw directly onto a printing surface, such as zinc, or copper, until they are satisfied with the drawing. After this, the surface will be covered with a chemical etch, which will bond it to the surface. With this process, the blank areas will attract moisture to the plate & repel the lithographic ink, while the areas that are drawn on will hold the ink. Water is then wiped onto the unpainted areas to help prevent the ink from deviating. After the map wanted is inked, the paper is laid over it & covered with a tympan, & the tympan is pressed down. Finally, these materials pass through the scraper bar of the litho press. Afterward, an exact copy of whatever was supposed to be printed is revealed. Directories / Credits All credit for this map analyzed today goes to Maps Of Antiquity, a wonderful New England map shop. To purchase this map, any other maps, or any other cartographic objects, please visit mapsofantiquity.com . To be clear, this is not an advertisement for Maps Of Antiquity, as we do not have a partnership with them. Strategic Partnerships Reel Guppy Outdoors SharkedSkooler The Marine Enthusiasts Podcast STEMScribe Our Loyal Patrons P. R. Ochoa

Cash Daniels in an interview with PBS. Credit to PBS. Recently, our head writer was immensely fortunate to sit down with Award-Winning conservationist Cash Daniels to discuss his career, his passion, & all of his efforts in conservation. Cash Daniels is a conservationist well known for his work cleaning up the Tennessee River, & across his extensive cleanups, engaging hundreds of volunteers, Cash has picked up approximately 46,031 pounds of trash. He has also founded, & currently operates a monofilament bin-based conservation project, across 5 U.S. states. In addition to this, his book, One Small Piece, has garnered attention from organizations such as RiversAreLife.  In today's interview, we sit down with Cash Daniel's for a thorough 16-question-long conversation about his career, passion, & drive to make a difference. Before diving in, please note everything said has been edited for clarity, & that the opinions of our interviewee do not necessarily reflect the opinions & values of our organization. With that being said, let us delve into the contents of the interview. Contents Of The Interview: Questions About His Passion:  1. What sparked your interest in the environment, rivers, & marine life? I've always had a connection to rivers, oceans, & everything in nature. My family would always take me out to the aquarium, & to zoos, which I feel was really important in helping me develop my interest in nature & not just sit behind a television all day.  In addition to this, I would watch Shark Week almost every year, & would watch quite a lot of David Attenborough's & Sylvia Earle's documentaries.  2. Do you have a favorite marine or terrestrial animal? It would have to be the Whale Shark, it's one of my dreams to see them in the wild someday. 3. You have mentioned in multiple places that you wish to become an underwater photographer, what attracts you to that particular area? I would say that my general passion for photography & water is what attracts me. I can mix cinematography, photography, & oceans very well.  Also, I have a good friend Jim Abernathy who works for National Geographic who has taught me some fantastic things about underwater photography. Ultimately, I want to make underwater documentaries, & show people about the underwater world, especially those who can't get out there & Scuba Dive. Everyone is on Netflix watching a documentary, or scrolling through Instagram, & they may see a clip of something of mine, or a few photos.  Questions About His Career:  4. What was your first & most recent cleanup, & did you find anything interesting? What inspired you to begin doing cleanups?  I first got interested in doing river cleanups when I was 7 years old! When I found a plastic straw on the beach, after we went home, the straw stayed in my mind. I did research about how plastic can harm not only oceans but rivers too. So, I decided to do river cleanups to combat that issue! Since then, I have been able to remove over 46,031 pounds of trash, & counting.  Sadly, I do not remember my first cleanup, however, at my most recent cleanup, I found something extremely memorable. We found an entire metal cooler, that seemed very old. It took about 25 minutes to haul out due to the size.  5. What was the documentary produced about you by the Primitive Planet film company? The Primitive Planet film company makes documentaries about different people doing amazing things all around the country to help the environment. They collaborated with me to make the documentary "Rivers Are Life", & came down to film for about two days to make it.  I felt as if I had to constantly talk about it, but it was fun! We went kayaking with some of my friends to get some footage, & one of them fell in the water, & this was in the middle of February. If anyone was going to fall in, it was going to be him. Although this is quite humorous now, it was not funny then.  6. What research did you conduct on your research trip to Costa Rica? I went down to Costa Rica primarily to research Hawksbill sea turtles, & assist in building a hatchery for them. The research trip lasted about 2 weeks, & during that time I helped tag some Hawksbill sea turtles, count their eggs, & assisted in the building of a new hatchery. Additionally, I went fishing for sharks to tag, however, sadly I did not find any, which was a bummer. It was quite a lot of work, however, it was fun. 7. I'm sure that you have encountered just as many hurdles as you have triumphed, What was the most difficult challenge to overcome across it all?  Being my age, some people use that as an excuse to not respect me or take me seriously. Additionally, my mom has to drive me everywhere, as I cannot drive yet. That is a large weight on her shoulders, however, as I get older, things should get easier.  Additionally, when I was younger, it was very difficult for me to get out there & speak, being as nervous as I was.  8. What is your most memorable moment on any of your cleanups? Meeting new people & being able to go around the world to make an impact are the most memorable things. I've been able to visit so many beautiful places all around America & the world to help in the cleanup process.  9. What is your advice to new marine biologists, citizen scientists, or conservationists? Get out there! Try & make a difference, every little bit counts. Even if it is just a Walmart bag on the side of the road, or a floating plastic bottle, every little bit helps. If somebody says you can't change the world, get out there & prove them wrong!  Questions About His Monofilament Fishing Line Bin Project: 10. What inspired you to begin your Monofilament bin cleanup project? My monofilament bin cleanup project was something that I began a few years ago to collect fishing lines. I was inspired to start it because, during cleanups, I kept finding alarming amounts of fishing line, which can seriously harm the environment. So, I decided to do something about it. I began by putting out these monofilament recycling bins all across the state of Tennessee, & I currently have them in Michigan, Tennessee, Georgia, & Florida. We have bins in 26 state parks, & several public boating ramps. So far, I have been able to prevent over 4,000 miles of fishing line from entering our ecosystems.  11. What exactly do you do as a part of your Monofilament Fishing line cleanup project? The Monofilament Recycling Bins are essentially tubes made of PVC pipes. Each of them is approximately 2 feet long, with an elbow piece at the top, & a screw at the bottom. Fishermen can discard their used fishing line in these bins, which prevents it from entering the ecosystem. After the fishing line has been collected, it gets shipped off to the Berkeley Fishing Institute in Iowa where it is melted down to create fish habitats. Through this project, something that was originally harming the environment is now helping it.  Questions Regarding His Book: 12. What inspired you to write "One Small Piece", the children's book that you authored? What was your goal in writing it? I wrote the book when I was about 9 years old, & my goal with it was to teach kids all around the world the importance of conservation & keeping our rivers clean. I wanted to show people that no matter how young you are, you still have a place in saving our world. The book is currently available on Amazon.  13. Do you have any final words concerning wildlife conservation, river & ocean science, or environmental activism? Remember that it doesn't matter how old or young you are, you can make a difference. Kids may be a small portion of the population, but they are 100% of the future.  Directories / Credits  theconservationkid.com   https://a.co/d/hv3t4mY Strategic Partnerships   Reel Guppy Outdoors  SharkedSkooler  Marine Enthusiasts Podcast STEMScribe  Cash Daniel's  Our Loyal Patrons  P. R. Ochoa

Leanne Armand standing happily in front of the Investigator scientific vessel. This article is a part of our collection known as the Marine Hall Of Distinction. In this special collection, we will discuss marine biologists who we feel have served marine biology & oceanography the most. We do this in order to commemorate these marine biologists & to show gratitude for everything they have contributed to our oceans. Today’s marine biologist is Leanne Armand, a marine biologist & paleontologist from Australia.  Dr. Leanne Armand was a professor, marine scientist, researcher, & paleontologist hailing from Australia. She is well known for her research in diatoms, sea ice estimation, & Antarctic research.  In today’s article, we are going to delve into her formative years & education, her personal life & career, & her achievements honorables awards & accomplishments. With that being said, let us delve into the life & work of Leanne Armand. Her Formative Years & Education  Armand was born on February 20th, 1968, in Adelaide, Australia. She has one younger brother, Andrew, who is a nurse in a local hospital, whom she has 3 nieces & nephews from. As a child, she spent quite a lot of time on the coast, particularly in the Gleneg & Marion suburbs of Australia. She would often collect shells & observe local marine life. Once collected, she would bring these shells home & set up small exhibits with them, that she referred to as “Museums”. She would give “tours”, to her family members, explaining what each shell belonged to & why it was important.  In high school, she changed her focus on her subjects to include more science, & for her efforts, won the John Green Memorial Prize from her high school at the end of her 11th-grade year.  As a high schooler in 12th grade, she represented Australia in a rotary exchange program, & spent time as an exchange student in Arkansas, USA. She stayed for approximately 6 weeks, meeting Bill Clinton during her stay, the then-governor of Arkansas.  After leaving high school, she went to Flinders University to earn her Bachelor’s degree in Biology. Going into university, her goal was to become a biology teacher, however, her passion for paleontology & ocean sciences led her elsewhere.  Her involvement in paleontology began on an expedition to the Naancoorte caves of South Australia, under the guidance of Rod Wells & Peter Murray. Soon after, she participated in a longer expedition at the Alcoota fossil beds, again with Peter Murray. These expeditions started a lifelong love & enjoyment of fieldwork, especially fieldwork involving fossils. After 6 months at Flinder’s University, she decided to withdraw due to the distance between the University & the Alcoota fossil beds. After leaving, she immediately got involved in a conference for Australian vertebrate paleontologists, & assisted in organizing the event.  After finishing the conference, she started her studies back up at the Australian National University, & worked alongside Dr. David Ride as a part-time fossil preparer. While working on her honors bachelor’s degree, she studied multiple fossil formations including those in the Alps & in the Teapot Creek Fossil Formation.  She stayed for her PhD, & did a collaborative program between the Geology Department of Australian National University, & Bordeaux University in France. Armand successfully completed her PhD in micropaleontology in 1998, under the guidance of Australian Scientist Dr. Patrick DeDeckker, & French Scientist Dr. Jean-Jacques Pichon. During her PhD, she met her now husband, Stéphane, at Australian National University, whom she now shares 2 children with. Her thesis was on the topic of algae, & how it can be used to measure the surface temperature of sea ice in the south pole.  Her Personal Life & Career  During the last year of her PhD, Armand & her husband moved to France. After finishing her PhD, she applied to numerous postdoctoral fellowships, & was offered one in Hobart, Tasmania. After much thought, she, her husband, & her new three-month-old son named Gaston, moved back to Australia.  During her Postdoctoral, she worked on research estimating sea ice formations over the last 190,000 years, & worked with scientists in Antarctica. This research helped oceanographers estimate how sea ice formations affected fish stocks, assists in oceanic circulation, & numerous other things. This work led to a lifelong fascination with the Antarctic, which she kept until her unfortunate passing. Armand was awarded the esteemed Marie Curie fellowship from the EU, being the first Australian scientist to earn this fellowship. Upon earning it, she began doing research at the University of Aix-Marseille in the Southern region of France. She began working more with Diatoms, an animal she was thoroughly fascinated & enamored by. She participated in multiple research missions while with the University, & worked with both fossilized & live diatoms. In 2009, she moved back to Australia to begin a professorship at Macquarie University in Sydney. She joined the Climate Futures Center of Research Excellence, & lectured multiple courses in marine sciences to undergraduate students. During her time there, she spearheaded a research team researching phytoplankton. Armand ended up as Deputy director at the university’s Marine Research Center for a year from 2015 to 2016, before moving on. She soon joined the CSIRO Australian Government Agency to participate in their Scientists & Schools Program, where she shared her experiences as a female paleontologist & marine researcher.  Armand formidably led the National Collaborative Australian Postgraduate Sea Training Alliance Network as director from 2013 to 2017, designing multiple masters-level sea-based training courses. The program is now managed by the Marine National Facility.  Soon after, she became Chief Scientist of the Australian Research Vessel known as the RV Investigator. She took the vessel, & a team of international marine scientists, to the Southern Ocean near Antarctica to study glacial conditions near East Antarctica & the Sabrina Coast. For all her Antarctic efforts, particularly on this expedition, she was awarded the U.S Antarctic Service Medal, a high-ranking medal awarded by the Department of Defence.  In 2018, she re-joined her alma mater Australian National University, in the Research School of Earth Science. Unfortunately, Armand passed away on January 4th, 2022 in Canberra, Australia. She passed away after a short battle with an incredibly aggressive form of cancer. She is survived by her husband Stéphane, her sons Maxime & Gaston, & her numerous colleagues. Her contributions to the field will never be forgotten, & she remains an inspiration to many Australian & International Scientists to this day.  Her Achievements, Honorables, Awards, & Accomplishments In 2014, she received the prestigious U.S Antarctic Service Medal, an award presented by the United States Department of Defence for her work in the Southern Ocean. She earned the Rose Provasoli Award from Bigelow’s Laboratory, named in honor of Henry Bryant Bigelow.  She received the esteemed Dorothy Hill award from her alma mater, Australian National University, for her Paleo-oceanographic research.  From 2016 to 2020, she was a council member of the International Society for Diatom Research.  She was the Australian and New Zealand International Ocean Discovery Program Consortium for multiple years.  Directories / Credits Citation No. 1: “Dr. Leanne Armand, marine micropaleontologist”, Written by Marian Hyde, & Published in 2001. Published by the Australian Academy of Science.  https://www.science.org.au/learning/general-audience/history/interviews-australian-scientists/dr-leanne-armand-marine Citation No. 2: “Leanne Armand”, Written by Unknown, & Published at an Unknown Date. Published by the Australian Academy of Science. https://www.stemwomen.org.au/profile/leanne-armand Citation No. 3: “Obituary - Professor Leanne Armand, ANZIC Professor”, Written by Unknown, & Published on January 22nd, 2022. Published by Australian National University. https://earthsciences.anu.edu.au/news-events/news/obituary-professor-leanne-armand-anzic-director-1968-2022 Citation No. 4: “With Great Sadness”, Written By Sarah Spaulding, & Published at an Unknown Date. Published by the International Society for Diatom Research.  https://isdr.org/with-great-sadness/ Strategic Partnerships Reel Guppy Outdoors SharkedSkooler Marine Enthusiasts Podcast StemScribe Our Loyal Patrons  P. R. Ochoa

A protective mother brown bear assisting her two young cubs to hunt near a watershed. Credit to Mark Kelley. This month's articles series will discuss.., Admiralty Island, Alaska. Admiralty Island is an island in the Alexander Archipelago, in Southeast Alaska. The island is the 7th largest island in the United States, & the 132nd-largest island in the world. The nearest main city is Juneau, the state capital. The island itself is approximately 955,747 acres, & 90 miles long. The island has extremely few people, with a population density of 0.39 per square mile. The total population is 650, which makes it so that the bears outnumber the humans 3:1. The island is famous for its large population of brown bears, & its beautiful canoeing areas. The island is approximately 2.59 nautical miles (2.980519 miles or 1.398488 kilometers) from mainland Alaska. Since the island's coast is so untouched by man, many marine animals migrate closeby to the island every year. The majority of oceanic animals don’t live here year-round though, as they tend to migrate further south in the winter to survive. The oceanic resources have been used by the island's main population, The Tlingit Aboriginals, for a variety of reasons. In this article, we will discuss the Salinity, Tides, Temperatures, & Marine Geography, of the island, the most prominent ecosystems of the island, The documented marine flora & Fauna, & Finally, & how ocean acidification has affected the island. With that being said, let us delve into the oceans surrounding the wondrous, Admiralty Island. The Salinity, Tides, Temperatures, Marine Geography, & Basic Information Of The Oceans Surrounding Admiralty Island Admiralty Island rests in the Northwestern Pacific Ocean. The salinity in Juneau is extremely low, due to freshwater glaciers melting & mixing freshwater into the sea. The Salinity in Juneau is approximately 15.2 parts per thousand, which is extremely low for the Pacific. Salinity is measured in 1,000-gram increments of water. For every 1000 grams of water, there will be a certain number of grams that are pure salt. This is the way that salinity is currently measured. The Temperature charts of Admiralty Island can be found in a variety of places, such as but not limited to:  https://www.watertemp.org ,  https://www.tide-forecast.com , &  https://www.tideschart.com . The average yearly sea temperature for the Eliza Harbour area of Admiralty Island is approximately 45° Fahrenheit (7.22222° Celsius). The tidal charts can be found on similar web pages, including  https://www.tide-forecast.com , &  https://tides4fishing.com/us/alaska . The tide usually doesn’t exceed 5.13 feet, & usually doesn’t go below -2 feet. The deepest oceanic point within 5 nautical miles (5.7539 miles, or 9.26 kilometers) of the island is approximately 1,259.8 feet (383.7432 meters) deep. The oceanic floor surrounding the island is primarily composed of Rock Sand, & Gravel. The area is unpopulated, & largely untouched by man. The water is safe for swimming in, though the water is incredibly cold so precautions should be taken. The wetsuit thickness needed for the annual average temperature is 8 millimeters thick semi-dry suit or a drysuit. Unfortunately, we are unable to find information about the riptide, & currents of this island. You can go snorkeling or scuba diving around the island, but it is not recommended as there is very little interest, & it is extremely cold. The Most Prominent Marine Ecosystems In The Oceans Surrounding Admiralty Island Ecosystem Type No. 1: Open Ocean The majority of the creatures that live around Admiralty iIslandlive in open oceanic areas. They usually are just there to hunt, & then migrate away. This ecosystem is the farthest from the coast, & the most biodiverse.  Ecosystem Type No. 2: Sandy / Rocky Flats There are sand flats, but the only creatures really found in those areas are crustaceans. These areas are on the bottom of the oceanic floor, & are found everywhere. Occasionally, species of fish or crustaceans will build elaborate burrows below the sand, but those are the only real formations in the area.  The Documented Marine Flora Of Admiralty Island Unfortunately, we are unable to confirm that any species of seagrass, or kelp, are found here at all. The Documented Marine Fauna Of Admiralty Island  Admiralty Island is not very biodiverse marine-wise, largely due to how cold it is, & the fact that little to nothing grows here. The majority of animals found here are cetaceans or have a large amount of blubber to protect them. As of 2025, there are no accepted endemic marine species on Admiralty Island. With that being said, the list of all the most prominent marine species currently found around Admiralty Island: Eumetopias Jubatus (Steller Sea Lion), Orcinus Orca (Killer Whale), Enhydra Lutris (Sea Otters), & Megaptera Novaeangliae (Humpback Whale).  Directories / Credits Citation No. 1: “ Alaskan Oceans: Temperature & Salinity ” Written By Elizabeth Litwin, & Published in 2002. Published By PBS. Retrieval Date: September 29, 2023.  https://www.pbs.org/harriman/education/projects/elitwin.html Citation No. 2: “ Wetsuit thickness and temperature guide ” Written By Mark Evans, & Published On April 24th, 2023, at 3:05 PM. Published By Scuba Divers Magazine. Retrieval Date: September 29th, 2023. https://www.scubadivermag.com/wetsuit-thickness-and-temperature-guide/#Scuba_diving_wetsuits Strategic Partnerships Reel Guppy Outdoors SharkedSkooler Marine Enthusiasts Podcast STEMScribe Our Loyal Patrons P. R. Ochoa