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Today’s article is a part of a special collection, known as the Marine Hall Of Fame. Recently we have decided to publish the collection as the Marine Biological Hall Of Distinction. It is the exact same collection, however it is just under a separate name. In this special collection we will discuss marine biologists who we feel have served marine biology & oceanography the most. We do this in order to commemorate these marine biologists & to show gratitude for everything they have contributed to our oceans. This collection has no relation to the main months series. This series publishes on the 25th of every month, shortly after our article on the oceanic environment of a certain region on the 20th. Today’s Marine biologist, is Finn Devold, a Norwegian Marine Biologist & meteorologist. Finn Devold was key in expansion across Greenland. He was well known for his studies on fish such as the Atlantic Halibut around Greenland. He & his brother, Hallvard Devold, had a shared interest of expanding Norwegian influence on the western Arctic. In this article we will discuss his early life & educational background, his later personal life & career, his literary works, & finally his honourables, achievements, accomplishments & awards. With that being said, let us delve into the life of Finn Devold. His Early Personal Life & Education Background Finn Devold was born on the 24th of April 1902. His father, Harald Ophus Devold, was a Parish Priest for the Catholic Church. He was born into a family with just one older brother, that brother being Hallvard Devold who was born 4 years before him on the 8th of November 1898. Little is known about his early life before a certain point. His Later Personal Life & Career Devold first travelled to the Arctic in the year 1923, at just 20 years of age. He went to study at the meteorology station known as Kvadehuken on Svalbard. His love for the arctic was shared with his brother Hallvard, which is why he studied with him at the institute. Kvadehuken was established by the geophysical institute at Tromsø. While studying here he took part in a search & rescue mission for 2 english men who had crashed their plane nearby the institute. In October of 1924 Kvadehuken closed & stopped conducting research for financial reasons. After this, the brothers moved to the meteorological station in Jan Mayen. In the year 1927 he measured the islands tallest volcanic peak, Beerenberg. After the brothers left Jan Mayen in the year 1928, they travelled together to northeastern Greenland. During the year 1928, he also became Fridtjof Nansen’s assistant. While in greenland, he participated in a movement that was organized to support the Norwegians claiming Greenland. He also supported the population & development of Greenland. By the year 1932, under his guide, 80 cabins had been constructed for fishermen to use in eastern Greenland. He also organized some action for this in southern Greenland, where he also established the Finnsbu Radio. On July 12th of 1932, the Norwegian flag was raised at the Myggbukta base as to claim the northeastern part of Greenland. He also asked to raise the Norwegian flag at the Finnsbu radio at the same time. After the 1933 when Denmark was rewarded greenland, the majority of Norwegian bases were shut down & all Norwegian claim to their territories on the island were closed. The flags were also lowered at the base. He left Greenland on the ship known as the Signalhorn, & went to Norway on said ship. In the year 1936, he was hired to work for the Norwegian institute of Marine Research. He left all involvement in Norwegian politics at this time as well. He eventually obtained a degree in mathematics & science in the year 1940. In the year 1943 he became a consultant tor fisheries at the institute. He specialized his work mainly in Atlantic Herring fisheries, & in the year 1950 he followed the herring migrations on a new vessel named “GO Sars”. After following these migrationsc he published the results of his research at the institute. After retiring in the year 1972, he continued his work in fisheries privately. He unfortunately, passed away in the year 1977. He had 1 wife, Karen Elizabeth Jassen. His Literary Works The North Atlantic halibut & Net fishing, Bergen 1938 Contribution to the flounder surveys ( Pleuronectes platessa Lin.), Ed., UiO, 1940 From the Crimean War to our days. Part 1 (including NP Vigeland), vol. 3 in Norway at sea, 1953 The life history of the Atlanto-Scandian Herring, Rapp. Cons. Explor Mer, 154, Copenhagen 1963, pp. 98–108 The formation and disappearance of a stock unit of Norwegian herring, the Directorate of Fisheries, Skr. Marine Surveys 15 No. 1, Bergen 1968 His Honourables, Achievements, Accomplishments, & Awards He unfortunately, recieved no documented awards or honorables. He did however achieve a more prosperous population of Herring as he published his concerns about overfishing of herring, which helped keep the population stable. Directories / Credits https://peoplepill.com/people/finn-devold Strategic Partnerships Reel Guppy Outdoors Our Loyal Patrons Ms. Paloma Rodriguez Ochoa

Todays article will concern the oceans that make up & surround Ipswich bay & the bay itself. Unfortunately, due to a malfunction of our servers we were not able to publish as scheduled on the 20th. Ipswich bay exists on the northeastern coast of the U.S state Massachusetts. Ipswich bay has a few sleepy towns along its shoreline making it a great place to relax or get away to. Much of its marine life is not often seen on the top apart from seals, sea lions, & occasionally otters. Despite the overall sleepiness of the social climate this area often doesn’t receive much tourism. In this article we will discuss the salinity, temperature, marine geography & terrain, the main marine ecosystems, the documented marine flora & fauna, the ocean acidification & climate change, & the subsections / rivers & creeks that Ipswich bay runs off into. With that being said, lets delve into this peaceful paradise bay. The Salinity, Temperature, Tides, Basic Information, & Marine Geography Of Ipswich Bay Ipswich Bay is located in northern Massachusetts along the gulf of Maine. The current salinity level is unknown as it has not been taken & released to the general public. It sits in the Atlantic ocean which makes it more likely for higher salinity levels. It extends as deep as 70 feet (21.336 meters) within 1 mile off coast. The tides are usually non dangerous & their surf & riptide is quite predictable. The waves usually don’t reach over 11.6 feet (3.53568 meters) high. It is not very polluted & is very safe to swim or do recreational activities in. However drop offs are quite common so it is recommended to proceed with caution. The temperatures for Ipswich bay can be found on a multitude of sites such as: https://seatemperature.net, https://www.watertemp.org , & https://seatemperature . The approximate length of the bay from from one side to another is 5.01965446978 nautical miles (5.7765152 miles or 9.29640007803 kilometers). The information pertaining to that has not been released to the public domain. There are salt water marshes however they do not affect the bays other ecosystems or the bays salinity. Neither does the out going salinity from the Ipswich river. Marine terrain wise it has many rocks that line the bottom of the bay as well as seagrass. These both have helped to provide protection from the fisher peoples of Ipswich bay. Even though it is not very biologically diverse The bay holds some of the most beautiful beaches in the United States of America. However this may hold a negative effect upon the wildlife. Scuba diving is not often taken place here however it does happen as there are many shops around it that offer scuba / snorkelling equipment. There are marine protected areas along Ipswich bay’s coastal area. These are mainly located along the northern end. Ipswich bay is vastly unlogged even though it harbours many people & has many well documented towns along its coast. The Main / Most Important Marine Ecosystems Of Ipswich Bay It is important to note that there are many Microsystems within Ipswich bay. However we could only write about the main ecosystems or type of ecosystems as the Microsystems are not well documented. Even though Ipswich bay is well explored on the surface, the sea floor of the bay is not very well explored. Rocky Coastal Areas Rocky Coastal areas make up large areas of Ipswich bay. In these areas crustaceans are quite commonly found as well as smaller types of fish such a minnows. Seals & Sea lions often are seen here engaging in social activity & feeding. As said, these areas consist mostly of large rock build up or rock formations. They extend into the ocean & that that is how most crustaceans end up living there. It is fairly common to find these areas by the harbours along Ipswich bay. Salinity levels are are quite commonly higher due to the its placement along the coast. Temperature wise they are usually the same as the areas further out in the bay. It is also important to note that these areas usually aren’t diverse. Deeper Sea Area Communities The deeper sea communities of Ipswich bay are much more biologically diverse then the coastal areas. Whales of all kinds are a common sight here as well as other marine mammals. These whales can often be seen feeding or engaging in social gatherings. Crustaceans as well as many different kinds of fish are also common here. These areas usually have underwater rock formations or small under water caves (Not cave systems). These areas usually have a lesser salinity level & are often bustling with wildlife. They are often found out in the bay with up to 70 feet of depth. Marshland / Estuaries Marshland areas are usually located to the in the northeastern parts of Ipswich bay. Only 2 seagrass species compose the seagrass population with those being Spartina Alterniflora (Salt-water cordgrass / salt-marsh cordgrass) & Spartina Patens (Salt-meadow cordgrass.). Temperature wise they are usually slightly warmer. Many sea birds, small crustaceans, & small fish species are commonly found here. There are not many marine mammals. It usually is about 2-14 feet (0.6096 to 4.2672 meters). Other then these areas it is not common to find an abundance of seagrass. The Marine Flora Of Ipswich Bay & Its Effects Ipswich bay is not very diverse marine plant wise. There are only 2 varieties of marine seagrasses that are documented to grow in Ipswich bay. These 2 species of seagrass are Spartina Alterniflora (Salt-water cordgrass / salt-marsh cordgrass) & Spartina Patens (Salt-meadow cordgrass. ). This is most commonly found in the marshland / estuaries of Ipswich bay. However they are not exclusive to that specific kind of ecosystem in Ipswich bay. They have declined approximately 80% since the 1990’s & are conservation dependent in some ways. However, many projects have been taking place to save the eelgrass population from extinction in Ipswich Bay. Due to the presence of these grasses Ipswich bay in later years has not been forming many more subsections. This is most likely due to the seagrass causing erosion to slow down. The opposite can be seen in Morro Bay, California. There are not very many kinds of kelp or marine plants that are documented to exist in the bay. The Marine Fauna Of Ipswich Bay There are many more species of Fauna then there are of flora in Ipswich Bay. There is no complete log as to how many species exist within Ipswich Bay or the exact species that live within the bay. However due to migration patterns logging these animals would require vigorous & taxing work & even then migration patterns often change. A list of known marine mammals include but are not limited to: Humpback whales, harbour seals, harbour porpoises, Northern Minke whales, Steller sea lions, killer whales, & Dall’s porpoise. These are all mostly seen within the months of September to May. They are best observed from boats or from Plum Island. These animals are not conservation dependent (In this specific area). However conservative acts take place often by many estate owners such as the owners of Crane Beach. They are relatively unbothered within the bay by humans. The Subsections / The Rivers & Creeks That Ipswich Bay Runs Into Or Has Created Due to Eelgrass depletion over the years & many other factors, there are many subsections that Ipswich bay runs off into. These areas are not often talked about or associated with Ipswich Bay. There are a total of 4 rivers that Ipswich bay directly runs off into. However, there is only one main river that will be talked about. These rivers are essential to the marine flora & fauna of surrounding areas. We will also discuss the Annisquam Estuary in this segment. With that being said let us delve into the rivers that Ipswich Bay runs into. No.1 Ipswich River The Ipswich River was documented in 1638 when John Winthrop bought the land from the Agawam tribe of indigenous peoples. It is approximately 45 miles throughout Massachusetts. It is salt water with an undocumented salinity level. The documented temperature of the river is currently 54° Fahrenheit or 12.2222 ° Celsius. It is used modernly by humans to power Ipswich Mills Dam. No.2 Annisquam River The Anniquam river was first documented in 1631 when a European settlement was built near / around it. It is approximately 8 feet deep & 4.5 miles long. It is salt water with an undocumented salinity level. A site in which the water surface temperature can be found for this is https://https://www.watertemp. It is used mostly for fishing & recreational purposes modernly. Directories / Credits http://thelocalne.ws/2021/07/14/beaches-from-plum-island-to-wingaersheek-deemed-clean/ https://www.charts.noaa.gov/BookletChart/13279_BookletChart.pdf https://usa.fishermap.org/depth-map/ipswich-bay-ma/#map https://historicipswich.wordpress.com/2021/02/12/salt-marsh- https://thetrustees.org/place/crane-beach-on-the-crane-estate/ Mass.govhttps://www.mass.gov › news › stor...Story Map: A comparison of eelgrass mapping methods https://www.mass.gov › docPDFIDENTIFYING LOCATIONS FOR EELGRASS HABITAT ... https://www.jstor.org/stable/1931282 https://www.watertemp.org/United-States/Massachusetts/Essex-County/Annisquam-Harbor/ Strategic Partnerships Reel Guppy Outdoors Our Loyal Patrons Ms. Ochoa

El artículo de este mes va a tratar de: Ipswich Bay, Massachusetts. Ipswich Bay está localizada en el norte de Massachusetts a lo largo del golfo de Maine. Allí hace mucho frío y hay muchos tipos diferentes de animales marinos. Es muy bonito, pero no recibe mucha atención como un destino turístico. Muchas veces, sus playas no están llenas de gente. También su historia es larga, interesante y bien documentada. Es increíblemente hermosa y es un buen lugar para observar la fauna marina. Sin embargo, vamos a tratar de la baya misma en el próximo artículo. Es común ver la Ballena Jorabada en la baya. Estas criaturas son increíblemente majestuosas y, frecuentemente, son vistas lejos en la baya. En este artículo, vamos a hablar de la vida de la Ballena Jorobada, los procedimientos de apareamiento, las tácticas, las prácticas, y los ciclos de la Ballena Jorabada. También vamos a hablar de la distribución de la Ballena Jorobada, sus detalles científicos, su conservación y el efecto e intercación con los humanos a lo largo de los años. Con todo esto, ahora vamos a examinar la Ballena Jorobada. EL DESCUBRIMIENTO Y LA VIDA DE LA BALLENA JOROBADA La Ballena Jorobada fue descubierta en 1756 por Mathurin Jacques Brisson. Primero la identificó como Baleine de la Novelle Angleterre (Ballena de Nueva Inglaterra) en el libro, Regnum Animale. En 1781, Georg Heinrich Borowski cambió el nombre original a su nombre latino de Balaena Novaengliae. En 1804, Bernard Germain de Lacépède cambió la ballena jorobada de la familia Balaenidae y lo renombró B. Jubartes. En 1846, John Edward Gray creó el género Magaptera, y clasificó la Ballena Jorobada como Megaptera Longipinnia. Sin embargo, en 1932, Remington Kellogg cambió otra vez la especie de Ballena Jorobada al Novaenglie de Borwoski. Esto nos trae hasta hoy cuando conocemos la especie como Megaptera Novaengliae. Normalmente las hembras llegan a una largitud de 49 pies. (14. 9352 metros). En cuanto a los varones, éstos llegan a una largitud aproximada de 44 pies (13. 4112 metros). Su peso colectivo mediano es de 25 a 40 toneladas estadounidenses (22.679,6 a 36.287,4 kilogramas). La esperanza de vida mediana para los dos géneros son 47,5 años. Son sumamente sociales y demuestran un nivel de inteligencia. De hecho, son unos de los mejores comunicadores del océano. Sin embargo, son frecuentemente solitarios y no comunican con otras ballenas. Hace 45 millones de años que esta especie existe. Su dieta, por la más parte, consiste en crustáceos pequeños, como bokmål, camarones, o peces pequeños. También tienen un metabolismo elevado que requiere que coman hasta 3,000 libras (1360.777 kilogramas) de comida cada día. Usan un proceso que se llama alimentación por filtro en la que filtran animales pequeños cercanos para consumirlos. No son canibales de ninguna forma. No hay muchos depredadoras a causa del tamaño absoluto de este animal. Las únicas criaturas que sabemos que las han atacado son las orcas, las orcas falsas y unas especies de tiburones grandes. Las Ballenas Jorobadas usualmente no son muy agresivas hacia otras ballenas y hacia los seres humanos. Prefieren irse en vez de luchar. No hay ninguna evidencia que sugiera que son teritoriales y quieren defender ciertas áreas. Generalmente, las Ballenas Jorobadas son negras o grises con vientres blancos. También tienen aletas en su sección de medio. Una de las características más notables de la Ballena Jorobada son sus aletas que son inceíblemente largas. Las Ballenas Jorabadas son sumamente activas y, a menudo, se golpean las aletas y trematodos en la superficie del océano. LOS PROCEDIMIENTOS DE APAREAMIENTO, LAS TÁCTICAS, PRÁCTICAS, Y CICLOS DE LA BALLENA JOROBADA A causa de su tamaño, las Ballenas Jorobadas se aparean en maneras muy extrañas. Se aparean via la reproducción sexual. El varón deposita los espermatozoides dentro de la hembra para fertilizar el huevo. El varón atrae a la hembra por medio de una canción de noviazgo y después la hembra tiene la opción de aparearse con el hombre o no. La hembra está embarazada por 11 o 12 meses y después tiene el bebé. Generalmente un cría de ballena nace cada dos o tres años. Sin embargo, tener los bebés en succesión rápida no es muy común, pero es possible que ocurra. Generalmente la hembra tiene solamente un bebé y es muy raro que tenga gemelos. Generalmente, la cría se queda con la madre por lo menos cinco meses. Sin embargo, es más común que se quede por el primer año. Generalmente, cuando se nace, la cría tiene una largitud de 12 a 15 pies y pesa aproximadamente una tonelada estadounidense (2.000 libras o 907.1847 kilogramas). No son hermafroditas de ninguna forma. Sin embargo, es possible que haya una ballena intersexual. Usualmente, las hembras llegan a la maturidad sexual a eso de cinco a siete años porque, a esta edad, muchos tienen su primer cría de ballena.. Los varones llegan a la maduridad sexual entre la edad de seis o siete años. Tienen estaciones o meses específicos para apearse. Éstos son diciembre, enero, febrero, marzo, abril, y mayo. No son monógamos y no se quedan juntos después de concebir la cría de ballena. LA DISTRIBUCIÓN DE LA BALLENA JOROBADA La Ballena Jorobada es increíblemente diversa al escoger su ambiente. Usualmente adhiere a áreas oceánicas más frías, probablemente a causa del oxígeno dilutado, el que causa que los crustáceos pequeños sean más abundantes desde que hay más oxígeno. Esto explica por qué es un ambiente mejor para ellas. Generalmente pueden ser vistos en la vecindad de Canada y Alaska. Sin embargo, se puede verlas cerca del estado de Nueva York y Nueva Inglaterra. Por la mayor parte, se puede verlas en Alaska durante el verano. También disfrutan de áreas de Europa, como El Reino Unido y las áreas cerca de Norway. Sin embargo, migran hasta los Grenadinos en el Caribe. Generalmente se puede verlas en el Caribe entre diciembre y abril. Parece que prefieren el Océano Atlántico en vez del Océano Pacífico y, desafortunadamente, nadie sabe la razón. Su populación estimada es 84,000 y esto puede ser una clave por qué son tan extendidas y tan diversas en cuanto al ambiente. LOS DETALLES CIENTÍFICOS DE LA BALLENA JOROBADA La Ballena Jorobada es una de las criaturas más interesantes a cuasa de su tamaño y su evolución. Los adultos tienen más o menos 161 huesos. La estructura de los huesos es semejante a la de otras ballenas. Sin embargo, las Ballenas Jorobadas que viven en la costa de Brasil, a veces, tienen más abnormalidades de huesos que las de otras áreas. Una teoría que explica esto es que este grupo de Ballenas Jorobadas pueden ser innatas. Generalmente, estas abnormalidades pueden verse en las vértebras caudales y en las costillas. Hasta ahora, se observa que estas abnormalidades causan infecciones que pueden ser malignas. Sus dientes son estrechos y se llaman placas de barbas. Tienen 270 a 400 dientes que traslapan delante de la boca de la ballena. Las ballenas usan estos dientes para sacar los crustáceos pequeños. IMG_3701.jpeg Esta imgen representa un cuadro cercano de los dientes de una Ballena Jorobada. La Ballena Jorobada puede bucear hasta 750 pies. Por la más parte , evolucionaron del Dorudon. El Dorudon es un género extinto de las ballenas antiguas basilosáuridas. Hacía desde 34 a 40 millones de años que la especie categorizada debajo del género de Dorudon vivía. Su nombre científico es Megaptera Novaeangliae. Hasta ahora no se han descubierto muchos fósiles (menos de 5.000). Su filo se sabe como Chordata. Esto significa que han desarrollado las cinco carcterísticas que tienen todas las especies de Chordata. Desarrollan estas características o como adultos o como jóvenes. Hasta ahora, más de 60.000 especies son categorizadas bajo el nombre de Chordata. Las características que desarrollan incluyen: un notochord, un cordón del nervio hueco dorsal, endostyle o tiroides, hendiduras faríngeas, y una cola post-anal. Su clase se sabe como Mammalia, la que significa que la madre produce leche y amamanta al niño. En la clase de Mammalia, también hay un neocorteza, que es una region del cráneo, una capacidad de pelaje o pelo, y tres huesos en la oreja interior. Actualmente, hay 6.400 especies categorizadas bajo la clase de Mammalia. Su clase es la de Artiodactyla y, en esta clase, hay ungulados con dedos de los pies iguales. Las especies categorizdas bajo Artiodactyla son ungulados, animales con pezuñas que tienen peso igualmente en dos de sus cinco dedos de los pies. Estos dedos de los pies son el tercer y el cuarto dedo del pie. Los otros dedos de los pies son o presentes, o ausentes, vestigiales, o en un punto posterior. Su infraorden es el de Cetacea. Las características claves de este infraorden son su estilo de vida totalmente acuático, forma del cuerpo aerodinámica, a menudo de un tamaño muy grande y una dieta exclusivamente carnívora. Otra caracterstica es su inteligencia social increíble. Hay más o menos 90 especies categorizadas bajo Cetecea. Su familia es la de Balaenopteridae. Todos los miembros de la familia tienen una serie de pliegues longitudinales de la piel que empiezan desde debajo de la boca hasta el ómbligo. Estos pliegues dejan que la boca expanda y se caiga de una manera cuando comen. Esto permite que tomen una cantidad grande de comida y traguen de un trago. Actualmente, hay diez especies categorizadas bajo esta familia. La única especie bajo el género de Megaptera es la Ballena Jorobada. Directories / Credits https://www.livescience.com/58464-humpback-whale-facts.html https://us.whales.org/whales-dolphins/species-guide/humpback-whale/ https://www.britannica.com/animal/humpback-whale https://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/blog/humpback-whale-fact-sheet/ https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/abs/10.1139/z92-202?pubCode=m&journalCode=cjz https://www.adfg.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=humpbackwhale.printerfriendly https://www.acsonline.org/humpback-whale https://wwf.panda.org/discover/our_focus/wildlife_practice/profiles/mammals/whales_dolphins/humpback_whale/ Groch KR, Marcondes MC, Colosio AC, Catão-Dias JL. Skeletal abnormalities in humpback whales Megaptera novaeangliae stranded in the Brazilian breeding ground. Dis Aquat Organ. 2012 Nov 8;101(2):145-58. doi: 10.3354/dao02518. PMID: 23135142. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23135142/ https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Megaptera-novaeangliae-prenatal-individuals-A-ZMB-85699-in-right-front-and-left_fig7_273065847 Strategic Partnerships Reel Guppy Outdoors Our Loyal Patrons Ms. Ochoa

The Humpback Whale Of Ipswich Bay (Megaptera Novaeangliae) This Month’s articles will be about... Ipswich Bay, Massachusetts! Ipswich Bay is located in northern Massachusetts along the Gulf of Maine. It is extremely cold & has many different kinds of marine mammals. It is quite pretty however it does not receive much attention as a tourist destination. Its beaches are not often crowded. Its history is long, interesting, & quite well documented as well. It is incredibly beautiful & is a good place to watch marine wildlife. However, the bay itself is going to be discussed in the next article. The Humpback whale is a common sight to see out in the bay. They are incredibly majestic creatures & are often seen far out in the bay. In this article, we will discuss the life of the Humpback Whale, the mating procedures, tactics, practices, & cycles of the Humpback Whale, the distribution of the Humpback Whale, the scientific detailings of the Humpback Whale, conservation of the Humpback Whale, & humans affect & interactions with the Humpback whale over the years. With that being said, let's delve into the Humpback Whale. The Discovery & The Life Of The Humpback Whale The Humpback Whale was discovered in 1756 by Mathurin Jacques Brisson. He originally identified it as Baleine de la Nouvelle Angleterre in the book Regnum Animale. In 1781 Georg Heinrich Borowski converted the original name into its Latin name of Balaena Novaeangliae. In 1804, Bernard Germain de Lacépède shifted the humpback from the family Balaenidae renaming it B. jubartes. In 1846, John Edward Gray created the genus Megaptera, classifying the humpback as Megaptera Longipinnia. However, in 1932, Remington Kellogg reverted the species of Humpback Whale back to Borowski's Novaeangliae. This brings us to today in which the species is known as Megaptera Novaeangliae. On average the females reach a size of 49 Feet Long (14.9352 meters). As for the males they reach an approximate average length of 44 feet long (13.4112 meters). Their collective average weight is 25 to 40 U.S tons (22,679.6 to 36,287.4 kilograms). The average life span for both genders is 47.5 calendar years. They are extremely social & do display some level of intelligence. They are in fact some of the best communicators of the ocean. They are often solitary however they do communicate with other whales. This species has existed for 45 million years. Their diet largely consists of small crustaceans like krill, shrimp, or even small fish. They also have an elevated metabolism, requiring them to eat up to 3,000 pounds (1360.777 kilograms) of daily food. They use a process called filter feeding in which they strain out small animals nearby them in order to consume them. They are not cannibalistic in any form. There are not many predators due to the sheer size of this animal. The only known creatures that have been documented attacking them are killer whales, false killer whales, & large shark species. Humpback whales are usually not very aggressive towards other whales & humans. They seem to have a flight rather than a fight response. There is no evidence to suggest that they are territorial & will defend certain areas. Humpbacks are mainly black or grey in color with white undersides / bellies. They also have flippers that are in their midsection. One of the most noticeable characteristics of the humpback whale is their incredibly long flippers. Humpback whales are extremely active, often slapping their flippers & flukes on the surface of the ocean. The Mating Procedures, Tactics, Practices, & Cycles Of The Humpback Whale Humpback whales mate in quite strange ways due to their size. They mate via sexual reproduction. The male whale will deposit the sperm inside the female whale so the egg will fertilize. The male will attract the female via a courtship song in which afterward the female could choose to mate with the male or not. The female then carries the child for 11-12 months & then she has a live birth. They usually have a calf every 2 to 3 years. However, having them within quick succession of each other is uncommon but can be observed. Humpback whales are usually born alone so it is very rare for a humpback whale to have twins. The calf will stay with the mother for at least 5 months however it is more common that they stay with their mother for the first year. The calf is often 12-15 feet long when born & weighs approximately 1 U.S ton (2,000 pounds or 907.1847 kilograms) They are not hermaphroditic in any capacity. However, an intersex humpback whale is not unheard of. The females usually reach sexual maturity at around 5-7 years as this is when they are observed to have their first whale calf. The males reach sexual maturity between 6 & 7 years old. They have specific breeding seasons or months: December, January, February, March, April, & May. They are not monogamous & do not stay together after the calf is conceived. The Distribution Of The Humpback Whale The Humpback whale is incredibly diverse in its choice of environment. The Humpback whale, however, usually sticks to colder oceanic areas, most likely due to the diluted oxygen which makes small crustaceans more plentiful because of more oxygen, which means it is a better environment for them. They usually can be found around Canada & Alaska, however, they can also be found near New York State & New England. They are mostly seen in Alaska in the summer They also enjoy areas of Europe like the United Kingdom & the areas near Norway. However, they do migrate as far as the Grenadines in the Caribbean. They are mostly found in the Caribbean between December & April. They seem to prefer the Atlantic ocean over the Pacific & it is unfortunately not exactly known why this is. Their estimated population is that of 84,000 which may be a clue as to why they are so spread out & so diverse when it comes to environment. The Scientific Detailings Of The Humpback Whale The Humpback whale is one of the most interesting creatures due to its sheer size & its evolution. Humpback whales have approximately 161 bones when they have reached adulthood. Their bone structure rather similar to other whales however Humpback whales off the coast of Brazil are showing up occasionally with bone abnormalities more then in other areas. A theory as to why this is, is that this group of humpback whales may be very inbred. These abnormalities are most commonly found on the caudal vertebrae & the ribs. So far, these abnormalities have been observed to cause infections that are sometimes malignant. Their teeth are thin & are called baleen plates. There are 270 to 400 of them overlapping in the front of the whales mouth, this is what is use to strain out the small crustaceans. This image depicts a close-up picture of a Humpback Whale’s Teeth. The humpback whale can dive up to 750 feet deep they evolved largely from the Dorudon. The Dorudon is an extinct genus of basilosaurid ancient whales. The species categorized under the genus of Dorudon were alive from 34 to 40 million years ago. Their scientific name is that of Megaptera Novaeangliae. So far not many (Less than 5,000) fossils of them have been discovered. Their phylum is known as Chordata meaning that they developed these 5 characteristics all species under the phylum of Chordata develop 5 similar characteristics either In adulthood or as juveniles. Over 60,000 species are categorized under Chordata at the time of publishing. The characteristics that they develop include, a notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, endostyle or thyroid, pharyngeal Slits, & a post-anal tail. Their class is known as Mammalia. Mammalia is classified by the production of milk by the mother for their child to nurse, a neocortex which is a region of the brain, some capacity of fur or hair, & three middle ear bones. There are currently 6,400 species categorized under the class of Mammalia. Their order is that of Artiodactyla which are even-toed ungulates. Species categorized under Artiodactyla are ungulates, hoofed animals which bear weight equally on two of their five toes, these toes are the third & fourth toes. The other three toes are either present, absent, vestigial, or pointing posteriorly. Their infraorder is that of Cetacea. Key characteristics of this infraorder, are their fully aquatic lifestyle, streamlined body shape, often large size & exclusively carnivorous diet. Another characteristic is their incredible social intelligence. There are roughly 90 species categorized under Cetacea. Their family is that of Balaenopteridae. All members of the family have a series of longitudinal folds of skin running from below the mouth back to the navel. These furrows allow the mouth to expand & unhinge in a way when feeding, permitting them to suck in large amounts of food & swallow in one gulp. There are currently 10 species categorized under this family. The only species under the genus of Megaptera is the Humpback whale. Directories / Credits https://www.livescience.com/58464-humpback-whale-facts.html https://us.whales.org/whales-dolphins/species-guide/humpback-whale/ https://www.britannica.com/animal/humpback-whale https://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/blog/humpback-whale-fact-sheet/ https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/abs/10.1139/z92-202?pubCode=m&journalCode=cjz https://www.adfg.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=humpbackwhale.printerfriendly https://www.acsonline.org/humpback-whale https://wwf.panda.org/discover/our_focus/wildlife_practice/profiles/mammals/whales_dolphins/humpback_whale/ Groch KR, Marcondes MC, Colosio AC, Catão-Dias JL. Skeletal abnormalities in humpback whales Megaptera novaeangliae stranded in the Brazilian breeding ground. Dis Aquat Organ. 2012 Nov 8;101(2):145-58. doi: 10.3354/dao02518. PMID: 23135142. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23135142/ https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Megaptera-novaeangliae-prenatal-individuals-A-ZMB-85699-in-right-front-and-left_fig7_273065847 Strategic Partnerships Reel Guppy Outdoors Our Loyal Patrons Ms. Ochoa

Today’s article will discuss the Hawaiian island of Lanai, the “Pineapple Isle”. This island has been handed off to multiple countries which each country & new leader changing its direction. Lanai’s history over the last few centuries was widely dictated by the Kingdom of Hawaii & the United States of America. Lanai has server many purposes which will all be delved into in this article. Lanai is an island with 1 municipality approximately 7.68 nautical miles (8.837986 miles or 14.223359741 kilometers) from the closest Hawaiian island of Maui. Lanai has 3,367 inhabitants. In this article we will discuss the discovery & documented history of Lanai, Lanai’s Aboriginals, the disaster history, & a segment on Lanai’s economy. Lanai has many hidden secrets & hidden treasures that are often discarded due to its perceived irrelevancy. With that being said, let us delve into the history behind the Pineapple Isle. The Discovery & Documented History Before & After Colonization Of The Hawaiian Island Of Lanai (Not All Of The Hawaiian Islands) Before American Colonization Polynesian voyagers made their way to Lanai from the Marquesas Islands. These people were not identified. They did this approximately 2,000 years ago which sets the date at 23 AD / CE. After their venture into the territory many of them began settlement building on the Hawaiian Islands, and their population expanded. They largely began to stay away from the island known as the “glowing land mass of Lanai”. This area would remain unexplored for thousands of years. Lanai was largely unclaimed for it was thought to be the molten home of evil spirits. However, once some relative order came over & the Hawaiian islands, Lanai was largely used as an area to where the kingdoms based on the larger islands would banish prisoners. The prisoners all mostly were killed or permanently exiled to Lanai. However, one day as its told Chief Kaululuaau’s son committed a crime that demanded the highest form of sentencing. Pleas for mercy were heard & Kaululuaau’s son, Kauluaau was exiled to Lanai with a mandate to exterminate the island’s alleged evil inhabitants. Though the natives believed that Kauluaau would never be able to survive on the island, they were completely wrong. Every night, a bright flame of Kauluaau's fire could be seen burning bright along the shores of Lanai, proving that he could brave the island, survive, & remove all the evil spirits that inhabited Lanai. Above all odds the son achieved his goal by sending the alleged vile & evil spirits to island of Kahoolawe. Once he returned home he was known as a hero touting the beauty of the island paradise. With the island finally being rid of these supposed spirits the island gained its forest inhabitants around approximately 1500 A.D. These people built a village known as Kaunolu village. However these people weren’t well known, & fell into relative obscurity for many years. This was most likely due to the fact that Lanai had such a small number of inhabitants. However, The great king Kamehameha I, built his summer home here & would make frequent trips to partake in excellent fishing. It is also important to note, During his journey in uniting the Hawaiian islands he murdered most of the inhabitants of Lanai with weapons from the europeans. In fact, he murdered so many of them that in 1792 it was noted from Captain George Vancouver that Lanai lacked any settlement & as void of life. A time jump to 1854 reveals a small mormon group of missionaries from Utah attempted to form a colony on Lanai. They did this a few miles from Manele landing in the uplands of Palawai & established the colony called “The City Of Joseph”. In July of 1862, Walter Murray Gibson, then head of the Mormon settlement “The City Of Joseph” at Palawai, wrote to the King of the kingdom of Hawaii, King Kamehameha IV asking for support of the Lanai settlement. It is not clear whether the king thought in favourably of this of not. In 1873, Walter Murray Gibson penned an article in Nu Hou, a local Hawaiian newspaper, telling readers of the voyage to Lana’i and landing at Manele. He described their journey on horseback up to the Palawai Basin. After that it was primarily used for cattle grazing. After this point not much else went on with Lanai up until The 20th century. After American Colonization In 1922, 98% of Lanai was purchased by the dole corporation & those areas were used for a pineapple plantation. Out of this came Lanai city which the dole corporation built to house the pineapple plantations employees. At one point it was the largest pineapple plantation in all of the United States. Another thing that came out of the pineapple plantation, is the Manele beach resort. Manele used to be the beach resort for employees of the Hawaiian Pineapple Company. In 1961 Castle & Cooke, Inc. merged with the dole corporation. After merging with Dole, Castle & Cooke took over the management of the holdings in Lanai and, with 98 percent ownership of the island, established luxury resorts, golf courses, residences, & many other commercial establishments. Unfortunately, in 1972 the pineapple plantation was officially closed due to rising cost of labor in Hawaii, cheaper pineapples being distributed by central America, & the cost of shipping the pineapples. The last commercial pineapple was harvested in October of 1992. After that Lanai mainly shifted to tourism as its main industry. Ij the year of 2012 The co-founder & CEO of Oracle Corporation Larry Ellison purchased the 98% of the island from the Dole Corporation. The actual price he purchased it for has never been confirmed at the time of publishing, however it is estimated at 300 million USD. At the time of the purchase Ellison announced his plans to invest up to 500,000 USD in improving Lanai’s infrastructure and creating an environmentally friendly and sustainable agriculture industry. The Aboriginals Of Lanai Lanai was uninhabited & was colonized much time after the rest of the Hawaiian islands. Lanai did not have any aboriginals or natives as the Hawaiians believed that the island had evil spirits as inhabitants until the 16th century. The Polynesians Did not want much to do with Lanai before that so that is why Lanai does not have any Aboriginals or Natives. The Most Destructive Natural & Man-Made Disasters Of Lanai No. 1 The LNY Plane Crash On February 26th 2014 at approximately 9:28 A charted double engine Piper PA-31 Navajo aircraft operated by the airline of Maui Air crashed after takeoff from LNY one mile away. The plane was carrying a pilot and five employees of Maui County. The pilot and two passengers were killed, while the other three passengers were injured. The total fatalities count was 3. This was the only aircraft accident associated with LNY as of publishing. No. 2 Hurricane Dot Hurricane Dot was a category 4 hurricane that hit the Hawaiian isles on August 1st 1959. It formed as a tropical storm just off the western coast of Baja California. It was costliest hurricane at the time to affect the Hawaiian islands. It produced extremely heavy rainfall & swift winds. The highest wind sustained was 150 miles per hour. It affected all of the islands. It caused 2 direct fatalities & caused 6 million USD in damages. Calculated for inflation that would be 61,197,525.77 USD. Lanai’s Economy & Real Estate Issues There is not much to say about Lanai’s economy as it is incredibly small & does not export very much at all. They survive mostly off of tourism as that is one of their only current industries. The real estate on Lanai is incredibly expensive as their is very few housing options. The unemployment rate of Lanai is 12.2 percent. Their median income is rather low, standing at 23,078 USD. The median household income currently is at 53,482 USD. The Prehistoric History Of The Hawaiian Island Of Lanai Millions of years ago, the tectonic plates and volcanoes of the Pacific Ring formed what is today known as the Hawaiian Islands. The Hawaiian Islands were formed by one of the most active geological “hot spots” on earth. A geological “hot spot” is a stationary reservoir that produces large amounts of magma. As the magma is pushed through the earth's surface and into the waters of the oceans, the magma cools and solidifies. The hot spots continue to produce magma, which is pushed upwards, forming underwater mountains that can break the surface of the water to create islands. Although these hot spots are stationary, the earth's crust sits on moving tectonic plates that shift & rotate. The Hawaiian Islands are located on the Pacific tectonic plate. As the Pacific Plate shifted and rotated, the stationary hot spot continued to push magma through the crust, eventually creating each of the Hawaiian Islands. Directories / Credits http://motherearthtravel.com/united_states/lanai/history.htm https://www.waimea.com/lanai/history.html https://www.mauiinformationguide.com/blog/lanai-history/ https://www.britannica.com/place/Lanai http://www.hawaiiforvisitors.com/islands/lanai-island/about/historic-timeline.htm Strategic Partnerships Reel Guppy Outdoors Our Loyal Patron Ms. Ochoa

Today’s article is a part of a special collection, known as the Marine Hall Of Fame. Recently we have decided to publish the collection as the Marine Biological Hall Of Distinction. It is the exact same collection, however it is just under a separate name. In this special collection we will discuss marine biologists who we feel have served marine biology & oceanography the most. We do this in order to commemorate these marine biologists & to show gratitude for everything they have contributed to our oceans. This collection has no relation to the main months series. This series publishes on the 25th of every month, shortly after our article on the oceanic environment of a certain region on the 20th. Today’s marine biologist is Ms. Rachel Carson. Rachel Carson was a writer, conservationist, & a marine biologist. She has written many books that are mainly on the topic of oceanic pollution. Her most notable works are Under The Sea Wind, The Sea Around Us, The Edge Of The Sea, & Silent Spring. These books ended up causing a nationwide ban on DDT which saved an unquantifiable amount of of oceanic creatures, as well as marine landscapes. In this article, we will discuss the early life of Rachel Carson, the later life & career of Rachel Carson, & finally her honorables, achievements, & accomplishments. With that being said, let us delve into the life of Rachel Carson. The Early Years & Education Of Rachel Carson Carson was born on May 27th of 1907 on a farm in Springdale Pennsylvania. She was born to Maria & Robert Mclean Carsons as her parents, & was the youngest of 3 children. Since she was young she felt a passion for nature as well as a connection with it. This was largely influenced by her mother as she had the same interests. Carson became a published writer for a children’s magazine at the young age of 10 years. She attended Pennsylvania College for Women, which has since been rebranded as Chatham university. This university is located in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. She graduated magna cum laude in the year 1929 at the age of 22. It is unclear as to what degree she received from Chatham. After this, she began studying at the oceanographic institute woods hole at John Hopkins University. She received a masters degree in zoology after this in the year 1932. It is said that she specialized in the study of the American Eel. After this she entered into a P.h.D program. While a student at Hopkins in the P.h.D program, her family moved to Baltimore in order to be with her. She was the only person with an income in the home at the time. She taught biology at John Hopkins & University Of Maryland as well as being a Lab Assistant. Unfortunately, her financial situation was dire due to her being the sole earner. She unfortunately had to leave this program & take her job at the U.S Bureau of Fisheries. In the year 1935, her father unfortunately passed away due to an ailment. The Career Of Rachel Carson In the year 1936, she was hired by the U.S Bureau of Fisheries. She was the second woman at the time to be hired by this agency. A main reason for her getting this position in the first place, were her outstanding performance on the civil service exam. This is an exam taken before entering the majority of civil service positions. It measures many skills, such as clerical work, forms completion, coding, memory, & inventory of personal experience. Alongside this, she also sold articles to the Baltimore Sun. In the year 1937, her eldest sister passed away, leaving 2 children ages 11 & 12 orphaned. The responsibility fell to Carson to take care of these nieces. She remained in the position with the Bureau Of Fisheries until 1951, while in this position she wrote brochures & other works for the public. In the year 1951, she was promoted to Editor-in-Chief for all publications for the U.S Fish & wildlife service. Along side this, she authored many different books. The most notable of which are Under The Sea Wind (1941), & The Sea Around Us (1951). These books were mainly on the subject of aquatic life. Her first book Under The Sea Wind received great reviews, however it failed to sell at the time. This was mainly due to 1941 being the year that the United States was dragged into World War 2. Under The Sea Wind also based on an article she had written & published in 1937, just 4 years prior to the books release. This article was called Undersea. Her second book, The Sea Around Us, is the book that established her reputation as a nature author. It remained a New York Times Bestseller for a record 86 weeks. It also won the National Book Award for non-fiction in 1952. This book discusses the ocean & its flora & fauna, as well as the geographical features of the ocean. In 1953 she won the Guggenheim grant which along with all book sales, enabled her to move to southport island, an island off the coast of Maine. This move would allow her to concentrate on her writing. In 1955 she published her third book, The Edge Of The Sea. At this time she also struck up a friendship with another nature author who went by the name of Dorothy Freeman. Unfortunately, most of their letters & correspondence was destroyed shortly before Carsons death. Freeman’s granddaughter later published the rest of the letters in her work “Always, Rachel: The Letters Of Rachel Carson & Dorothy Freeman 1952-1964: An Intimate Portrait Of A Remarkable Friendship”. After Carsons niece passed away in the early months of 1957, Carson adopted a son & moved to Silver Spring, Maryland in order to care for her aging mother. It is said that a letter from a close friend of Carsons about the loss of her pet bird due to pesticide exposure, inspired her to write her hit novel Silent Spring. This book primarily touches on subjects such as pesticides & their various negative effects on ecosystems, & the effects of pesticides & DDT on humans. We believe that her title choice of “Silent Spring”, is supposed to mean that these pesticides could cause a silent spring in which nothing would bloom. In this book she also accused chemical industry executives of spreading misinformation & public officials of blindly accepting the information. Chemical companies at the time attempted to discredit her as hysterical woman. However, it was seen soon that President John F. Kennedy’s Science Advisory Committee Report & completely validated Carson’s research & conclusions. This showed that pesticides are a major public health hazard. This led to her to receive various medals from the National Audubon Society & the National Geographical Society. As well as an induction into the American Academy of Arts & Letters. Unfortunately, Carson was diagnosed with breast cancer. This led to her unfortunate & untimely death on April 14th, 1964 in Silver Spring Maryland. Carson never married & only had 1 adopted son known as Roger Christie. He is still alive & is currently 71 years of age. It is important to remember, that not only was she a marine author, scientist, & researcher, she was also a magnificent oceanic poet. The Achievements, Honorables, & Awards Of Rachel Carson She won the George Westinghouse Science Writing Award. (1950) She won the Guggenheim Fellowship. (1951) She won The National Book Award For Nonfiction. (1952) Her first 2 books became New York Time Best Sellers. These books in question were Under The Sea Wind (1941) & The Sea Around Us (1952) She has many rewards named after her, most notably the Rachel Carson Prize by the British Ecological Society, The Rachel Carson Healthy Planet Award By Chatham University, & The Rachel Carson Award by the National Audubon Society. Directories / Credits Michals, Debra. "Rachel Carson." National Women's History Museum. 2015. https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/rachel-carson Rachel Carsonhttp://www.rachelcarson.org › SeaAr...The Sea Around Us Rachel Carsonhttp://www.rachelcarson.org › Under...Under the Sea-Wind Strategic Partnerships Reel Guppy Outdoors Our Loyal Patrons Ms. Ochoa

Today’s article will discuss the oceans surrounding the island of Lanai. Lanai is incredibly diverse due to its placement in the Hawaiian Islands. Many marine ecosystems exist around Lanai & countless microsystems. From colourful coral reefs to relaxing lush greenery Lanai has it all. It is closest to the island of Maui. Lanai however is rather mysterious as 98% of it is privately owned by Larry Ellison. This island is also 140.5 square miles or 226.11283 square kilometers. In this article, the following topics will be discussed: The salinity, temperatures, tides, & marine geography of the island of Lanai, the most prominent marine ecosystems of the island of Lanai, & the documented marine fauna as well the documented marine flora of Lanai. With that being said, let’s delve into the island of Lanai. The Salinity, Temperatures, Tides, & Marine Geography Of The Island Of Lanai Lanai is located approximately 7.68 nautical miles (8.837986 miles or 14.223359741 kilometers) from the nearest island of Maui. It is one of the islands that comprise the U.S state of Hawaii. It is in the Pacific Ocean meaning that lower salinity levels are present & warmer waters. They have a 35.0 salinity level along the coastline & for about 2 miles around. There are very few salt deposits around Lanai. The deepest point nearby the island of Lanai is in the Kealaikahiki Channel which separates the islands of Lanai and Kahoolawe from each other. The deepest point is 1,086 feet deep (331.0128 meters deep). The waves often don’t reach higher than 4 feet (1.2192 meters). You can swim in Lanai & it is one of the most beautiful islands that you can swim along. They have the longest white sand beach in the Hawaiian islands. However, they have rough water, high surf, & somewhat unpredictable currents. So it is recommended to be very vigilant & listen closely to the Hawaiian Coast Guard for any warnings or other announcements. There are marine protected areas as well so it is important if you are sailing near Lanai to make sure you aren’t accidentally in a marine protected zone. Scuba diving & snorkeling are common around the island. They do not seem to have saltwater or freshwater marshes as Lanai is in a severe drought. Click here for the complete temperature chart of Lanai. https://seatemperatures.net/north-america/united-states/lanai-january-temperature/ The Main Marine Ecosystems Of The Island Of Lanai Coral Reefed Areas Lanai is famous for its beautiful coral reefed areas. They are mainly off the southwestern side of the island near by Hulopoe bay. They extend approximately 1 mile off the coast. They are home to many species such as dolphins & various tropical fish. These reefs usually are on seafloor no further than 257.5459 feet or 78.5 meters deep. Sea Caves According to http://www.cavediving.com , Lanai has huge underwater rock formations that people can enter, and where they can swim. The formations have ceilings that open to the water’s surface, allowing light to shine down and illuminate two large underwater rooms that have been, named the “First and Second Cathedrals” because they remind some visitors of underwater cathedrals. The First and Second Cathedrals also are commonly visited by fish and other marine life. The Cathedrals also include submerged lava tubes. Other sea caves can be found in “Sweetheart Rock”, an 80-foot islet jutting out of the ocean close to Lanai’’s coat. These sea caves might be fun to locate and explore, but be careful: The author has experienced waves flowing through an ocean channel, similar to the one that separates Sweetheart Rock from the mainland, and the channel tended to magnify the waves’ effect. For more information about Sweetheart Rock, see: https://www.aloha-hawaii.com/lanai/sweetheart-rock/ The Documented Marine Flora Of The Island Of Lanai A 2009-2014 survey by Carlile et. al. found more than 1,000 species of seaweed in the Hawaiian Islands but could not search much on Lanai. However, it is likely that Lanai experiences the Hawaiian Islands’ huge biodiversity in seaweed because of the shallow ocean off its coasts, and the proximity of Maui and Molokai. Lanai’s coasts are known to be home to White Scroll Alga and Turbinaria Ornata seaweeds. The Documented Marine Fauna Of The Island Of Lanai Lanai is home to a huge number of fish species, including parrotfish, trumpetfish, unicornfish, and tang. Divers, and lucky boaters, can see them offshore. Huge numbers of coral also live off of Lanai, and have built reefs there. Many of the coral are colorful. Other invertebrate species living near Lanai include the Indo-Pacific Rock-Boring Urchin. Dolphins can also often be seen playing in the oceans around Lanai. Humpback Whales can also be seen in the channel between Lanai and Maui in the winter. They can be seen blowing water out of their blowholes, and swimming. Whale-watchers on shore can occasionally see them leap out of the water, with their complete bodies visible in midair, and then fall back into the water. Directories / Credits https://www.onlyinyourstate.com/hawaii/the-underwater-destination-in-hi-that-is-too-beautiful-for-words/ Strategic Partnerships Reel Guppy Outdoors Our Loyal Patrons Ms. Ochoa

Major Announcement: The Persaud Catalogue: Scientific Journal Of Marine Biology This article is not a part of the main monthly series or anything of that nature. The Persaud Foundation has decided to open another sister newsletter to The Persaud Catalog. This new newsletter will be called “The Persaud Catalogue: Scientific Journal Of Marine Biology”. Currently, all articles related to this new newsletter will be published on this website. Eventually, it will receive its own website. This new newsletter will have articles on any experiments or research projects that are conducted. It will provide also the results for these projects if there is a specific objective. There will be a free version of the article will semi-limited information & a version that requires a contribution that has full access. The ones that require a contribution will require a lower contribution or no contribution at all if you have a membership. It will have a lower contribution if you have a brass membership & no contribution at all if you have a bronze membership. For more information, please visit the section of our website titled “How To Apply For A Membership”. This will not be the same with crowd-science experiments that are conducted. All information on crowd-science experiments will be released for free the majority of the time. The first article will be published during the first experiment or research project. We do currently have an experiment planned, however, it pertains to a future article series so we will release it during the month of said future monthly article series. All publications for this new newsletter will have “The Persaud Catalogue: Scientific Journal Of Marine Biology” in the title. After that is put in, the subject matter of the article will be put in the title. This is to differentiate it from the main monthly article series. Once it gets its own website, then an announcement will be made about that. This is all the current information on the new newsletter. Our Loyal Patrons Ms. Ochoa Strategic Partnerships Reel Guppy Outdoors

This months will cover the island of Lanai. The island of lanai is an island of that comprises the U.S state of Hawaii. It Is approximately 7.68 nautical miles (8.837986 miles or 14.223359741 kilometers) from the closest island of Maui. It is most well known for its beautiful of Moloka’i & the maui islands, as well as its beautiful beaches that are often not very crowded. However this article isn’t to discuss the island itself, it’s to discuss the creature that lives around it. Lanai has incredibly diverse wildlife, a species known as the Hawaiian monk seal is one of the species that comprises that wildlife. The Hawaiian monk seal is an incredibly interesting creature that is quite illusive but when seen is absolutely beautiful. In this article we will discuss the life of the Hawaiian monk seal, the mating procedures, tactics, practices, & cycles of the Hawaiian monk seal, the distribution of the Hawaiian monk seal, the scientific detailings of the Hawaiian monk seal, & the migration of the Hawaiian monk seal. With that being said, lets delve into the Hawaiian monk seal. The Life Of The Hawaiian Monk Seal The Hawaiian monk seal was discovered in 1968 by an unnamed archeological team. Strangely, it was not discovered alive, but in a domestic waste pile in skeletal form. Fully matured & adult males males are on average 179.9999674 to 139.99992422 kilograms (308.647 to 396.832 pounds) in weight & 2.099998848 meters (6.88976 feet or 82.67712 inches) in length. However, fully matured adult females tend to be, on average, slightly more sizeable, on average to 179.9999674 to 269.9999511 kilograms (396.832 to 595.248 pounds ) & meters (7.87402 feet or 94.48824 inches) in length. When Hawaiian monk seal pups are born, they average at 13.99999242 to 17.99999674 kilograms (30.8647 to 39.6832 pounds) & 1.000000032 meters (39.37008 inches or 3.28084 feet) in length. As they nurse for approximately six weeks, they grow considerably in this time period. Eventually they end up averaging at between 70.00018891 to 89.99998369 kilograms (154.324 or 198.416 pounds) by the time they are done with the process of weaning. Due to the production of milk, the mother will lose up to 139.9999242 kilograms (308.64699994843 pounds). The average life span of this creature can be up to 30 years however it is often much less as very few live up to this mark. This species is believed to have existed for 13 million years. They are in fact, older then certain Hawaiian islands. This means that they were there longer islands that they now roam around. They diet usually consists of common tropical fish, various squids, various octopi, eels, & many different species of crustaceans. They are not cannibalistic. They are often targeted by tiger sharks, grey reef sharks, white-tipped reef sharks, great white sharks, & Galapagos sharks. They are endangered being classified as endangered however not critically endangered. They have been on a population decline for a few decades. It is currently estimated that 1,570 Hawaiian monk seals currently alive in the wild. They are generally not aggressive towards humans unless provoked. They however are incredibly territorial & will often leave certain beaches to avoid territorial disputes. They are not social creatures & live mostly solitary lives in the ocean. The Hawaiian monk seal is part of the taxa family Phocidae, being named so for its characteristic lack of external ears & inability to rotate the hind flippers under the torso. The Hawaiian monk seal has a relatively small, flat rounded head with wide-reaching black eyes, eight pairs of teeth, & short flat muzzle with a bit of rounding, with the nostril on top of the snout & vibirisasse on each side. The nostrils are small vertical slits which close when the monk seal dives underwater to protect the nose tissue & to prevent water from breaching the nose. Additionally, their slender, torpedo-shaped body & hind flippers allow them to be very swift swimmers. The Mating Procedures, Tactics, Practices, & Cycles Of The Hawaiian Monk Seal Since the Hawaiian monk seals are incredibly primitive, they mate in incredibly odd ways. The monk seals will mate underwater via sexual reproduction. They are not hermaphroditic in any capacity. They give birth through live birth instead of through eggs. They are also not monogamous as they do not seek to mate for life. They usually reach sexual maturity at around 5-6 in the main Hawaiian islands & 6-7 in the northwestern Hawaiian islands. Unfortunately it is unknown when the male monk seals reach sexual maturity. However, the youngest documented female to give birth was 4 years old so it does differ quite a bit. They usually have a singular monk seal pup. Pregnancy lasts on average 11 months for the monk seal. When giving birth, the mother will haul out to the coast line. They do appear to have a specific breeding months in which the population seems to spike. These months are March & April. A monk seal pup nurses on average from its mother for approximately one month. During the nursing period, the mother stays with the pup(s) without leaving to forage for food or for really any other reason. After which the pup is left on its own to learn how to swim & forage for food, & survive its new surroundings. Unfortunately, there is no complete demographic of survival from juvenile to adulthood. The Distribution Of The Hawaiian Monk Seal The Hawaiian Monk Seal is entirely endemic to the Hawaiian islands. There have been no confirmed sightings of them outside of the Hawaiian islands. This is mostly due to them immigrating to the Hawaiian islands & deciding to not leave due to climate. They most likely will not ever leave the Hawaiian islands. It is believed that they migrated to the Hawaiian islands between 4–11 million years ago through a passage that existed between North & South America called the Inter-American Seaway for 175 million years. The Inter-American seaway was closed by The Isthmus of Panama approximately 3 million years ago. The Scientific Detailings Of The Hawaiian Monk Seal The Hawaiian monk seal is incredibly interesting & quite mysterious when it comes to its science & evolution. There are only 3 species of monk seal that have been discovered. These species are, The Mediterranean monk seal which we have covered, the Caribbean monk seal which is extinct, & the Hawaiian monk seal. Their teeth are relatively flat & rounded for chewing fish. This is a very close replica or cast of a Hawaiian monk seal skull. They have sharp canine & much larger molars. We believe that there is a bone difference between a juvenile Hawaiian monk seal & a fully matured adult. There is no complete count of how many fossils of them that we have found that is public domain. They have flat heads & short rounded muzzle bones. They are relatively fleshy as well. They have a lot of stamina & they can stay underwater for over 20 minutes. They can dive up to 1,500 feet deep however they average at 200. It has also been proved that they have an incredibly low metabolism compared to other marine mammals. They are internationally known as Neomonachus Schauinslandi. Their phylum is known as Chordata meaning that they developed these 5 characteristics all species under the phylum of chordata develop 5 similar characteristics either In adulthood or as juveniles. Over 60,000 species are categorized under Chordata at the time of publishing. The characteristics that they develop include, a notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, endostyle or thyroid, pharyngeal Slits, & a post-anal tail. Their class is known as Mammalia. Mammalia is classified by the production of milk by the mother for their child to nurse, a neocortex which is a region of the brain, some capacity of fur or hair, & three middle ear bones. Their order is Carnivora which is a monophyletic order of plancental mammals. These mammals have all evolved in ways to specialize in eating fish. This order is the 5th largest order of mammals & has at the time of publishing, at least 279 species categorized under it. Their clade is Pinnpedia, meaning they are Pinnipeds. Pinnipeds are a heavily distributed & extremely diverse clade of semiaquatic species & marine mammals. They are part of the family known as Phocidae. This is not to be confused with Phocides a certain genus of butterflies, or Pholcidae a family of spiders. Phocidae are essentially earless seals, this means that they to not have ear flaps / coverings, & they do not have any distinguishable ear that can be seen unless you are incredibly up close or using instruments to help. Their genus is surprisingly not Monachus, but that of Neomonachus. Only 2 species were placed within the genus with those being the Caribbean Monk seal which is extinct, & the Hawaiian monk seal. The reason for their placement in the genus of Neomonachus is that they were found to be paraphyletic. Directories / Credits https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/species/hawaiian-monk-seal https://www.nwf.org/Educational-Resources/Wildlife-Guide/Mammals/Hawaiian-Monk-Seal https://www.biologicaldiversity.org/species/mammals/Hawaiian_monk_seal/natural_history.html https://hawaiioceanproject.com/fun-facts-about-the-hawaiian-monk-seal/ https://www.americanoceans.org/species/hawaiian-monk-seal/#Predators https://www.marinemammalcenter.org/animal-care/learn-about-marine-mammals/pinnipeds/hawaiian-monk-seal Strategic Partnerships Reel Guppy Outdoors Our Loyal Patrons Ms. Ochoa

Todays article, is a special. It is apart of our collection known as the “Marine Hall Of Fame”. In this special collection we will discuss marine biologists who we feel have served marine biology & oceanography the most. We do this in order to commemorate these marine biologists & to show gratitude for everything they have contributed to our oceans. This collection has no relation to the main months series. This series publishes on the 25th of every month, shortly after our article on the oceanic environment of a certain region on the 20th. Today’s marine biologist, is known as Sir John Murray. He was a Scottish-Canadian oceanographer & limnologist. Murray was well known for his work in oceanography, specifically in relation to deep oceanic basins. He is modernly regarded as the father of oceanography. In this article, we will discuss the early life of Sir John Murray, the later life & career of John Murray, & finally his honorables, achievements, & accomplishments. With that being said, let us delve into the life of John Murray. The Early Life Of Sir John Murray Murray was born on the 3rd of March, 1841. He was born to his father, Robert Murray who was an accountant, & to his mother, Elizabeth Macfarlane. He was born in the area that is now modern day Ontario. His parents had immigrated shortly before his birth, just 7 years prior, from Scotland. He was schooled for his primary education in London, Ontario. In the year 1858, he decided that he wanted to immigrate back to Scotland in order to live with his maternal grandfather, John Macfarlane. He continued his secondary education in Scotland, as he is documented to have enrolled in Stirling High School. The school is located on Torbrex Farm Road in Stirling, Scotland. After completing his studies at Stirling, he enrolled at the University of Edinburgh to study medicine. Unfortunately, he did not complete his studies & did not graduate. The Later Life & Career Of John Murray In the year 1868, Murray joined the crew of a whaling ship named Jan Mayen as the ship’s surgeon. On an expedition, he visited the island of Spitsbergen, Svalbard, & the island of Jan Mayen. Both of which are owned by Norway. He visited these islands on a 7 month long trip. During the expedition, he collected different marine specimens & logged different oceanic currents & conditions. He also tracked ice movements on this trip. Upon returning to Edinburgh, he re-enrolled in the University Of Edinburgh studying geology under Sir Archibald Geikie. After this, he organized much of the challenger expedition, which was led by Sir Charles Wyville Thomson, who we have covered in a previous Marine Hall Of Fame article. The challenger expedition was revolutionary to the field of oceanography in that it made major contributions to charting & biological investigation. Due to his role in the expedition, he was placed in charge of all biological specimens that were collected on the expedition. After the death of the leading biologist, Thomson, Murray completed his publication of a 50 volume report Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger. He married his wife, Isabel Henderson in the year 1889, whom he had 3 daughters & 2 sons with. This was his only wife. After this he directed biological investigations in various lochs around Scotland, as well as Scottish coast. He also took part in an oceanographic expedition throughout the north Atlantic in 1910. His writings include but are not limited to, “On the Structure & Origin of Coral Reefs and Islands” & “ The Depths of the Ocean” . Unfortunately, Murray was killed when his car overturned going at 10 miles per hour west of his home on the 16th of march 1914. His Honorables Accomplishments, & Achievements Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (1877) [2] Neill Medal from the Royal Society of Edinburgh (1877) Makdougall Brisbane Prize from the Royal Society of Edinburgh (1884) Founder's Medal from the Royal Geographical Society (1895) Fellow of the Royal Society (1896) [11] Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (1898)[4] Cullum Geographical Medal from the American Geographical Society (1899) [12] Clarke Medal from the Royal Society of New South Wales (1900) Livingstone Medal from the Royal Scottish Geographical Society (1910)[13] Vega Medal from the Swedish Society for Anthropology and Geography (1912) He was honoured with having an order of sea sponges “Murrayonida” named after him. He was also honoured with having a species of lizard named after him “Silvascincus murray”. He had a total of 24 other species named after him. Directories / Credits Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2022, March 12). Sir John Murray. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Murray European Marine Biological Resource Centrehttps://www.embrc.eu › news › joh...John Murray, the Sir of the ocean deep and Dr Jekyll of oceanography Strategic Partnerships Reel Guppy Outdoors Our Loyal Patrons Ms. Ochoa

The Oceans Of Titlow Beach / Puget Sound Today’s article will discuss the oceans of Titlow beach / the bay of puget sound. Titlow beach is a beautiful beach that sits in the bay of puget sound. Titlow Beach has an incredibly diverse environment with everything from sandy barren flats to lush marine greenery. They are most well known for their scuba diving adventures & expeditions. They have a wide variety of marine fauna along the beach which also makes it a hot spot for marine watchers of all kinds. They have beautiful waters that are blue & sort of clear, this makes the watching of marine animals much easier. In this article we will be discussing the following: The salinity, temperatures, tides, & marine geography of Titlow beach, the most prominent marine ecosystems of Titlow beach & the documented marine fauna as well the documented marine flora. This is an incredibly diverse marine environment with many Microsystems within it. With that being said let’s delve into the oceans of Titlow Beach. The Salinity, Temperatures, Tides, & Marine Geography Of Titlow Beach / Puget Sound Titlow beach is located along the bay of puget sound in the northern area of Washington state. It is along the bay of Puget sound which connects to the Pacific ocean. The Salinity levels are 28.5 parts per thousand meaning that for every kilogram of seawater there are 28.5 grams of pure salt. They do have salt deposits close-by the beach however they are rather small & it is incredibly hard to see as Puget sound extends quite deep. Puget sound extends approximately 928 feet deep or 282.854 meters deep. Titlow beach also has a non-dangerous riptide & does not have a very dangerous high tide. That is due to the fact that it exists within a bay. However, it is recommended that you listen to any warnings provided by the Washington coastal guard. Puget sound is 1,020 square miles so it’s not uncommon to see boaters in the water. However, there are multiple marine protected areas of Puget Sound. These are where you can find the most marine organisms as they have been ran out or left a few other places entirely. They do have salt water marshes however those marshes do not cause issues with the salinity or any other related things. The marine terrain are biologically diverse & the most common kinds that are found in puget sound are sandy or rocky bumpy areas, underwater seagrass covered areas, & salt water marshes / estuaries, & The average sea water temperature as well as the highest & lowest sea water temperature for each month of 2022 are as follows: January average 8.12° Celsius / 46.616° Fahrenheit with a high of 10.54° Celsius / 50.972° Fahrenheit & a low of 7.1° Celsius / 44.78° Fahrenheit, February average 7.97° Celsius / 46 red.166 Fahrenheit with a high of 9.36° Celsius / 48.848° Fahrenheit & a low of 6.37° Celsius / 43.466° Fahrenheit, March average 8.13° Celsius / 46.634° Fahrenheit with a high of 10.38° Celsius / 50.684° Fahrenheit & a low of 7.05° Celsius / 44.69° Fahrenheit, April average 8.84° Celsius / 47.912° Fahrenheit with a high of 11.01 Celsius° / 51.818° Fahrenheit & a low of 7.61° Celsius / 45.698° Fahrenheit, May average 9.72° Celsius / 49.496° Fahrenheit with a high of 11.69° Celsius / 53.042° Fahrenheit & a low of 8.22° Celsius / 46.796° Fahrenheit, June average 10.36° Celsius / 50.648° Fahrenheit with a high of 12.54° Celsius / 54.572° Fahrenheit & a low of 8.86° Celsius / 47.948° Fahrenheit, July average 10.99° Celsius / 51.782° Fahrenheit with a high of 15.01° Celsius / 59.018° Fahrenheit & a low of 8.86° Celsius / 47.948° Fahrenheit, July average 10.99° Celsius / 51.782° Fahrenheit with a high of 15.01° Celsius / 59.018 Fahrenheit & a low of 9.3° Celsius / 48.74° Fahrenheit, August average 11.32° Celsius / 52.376° Fahrenheit with a high of 14.18° Celsius / 57.524° Fahrenheit & a low of 9.8° Celsius / 49.64° Fahrenheit, September average 11.14° Celsius / 52.052° Fahrenheit with a high of 13.67° Celsius / 56.606° Fahrenheit & a low of 9.56° Celsius / 49.208° Fahrenheit, October average 10.22° Celsius / 50.396° Fahrenheit with a high of 11.33° Celsius / 50.594° Fahrenheit & a low of 8.88° Celsius / 47.984° Fahrenheit, November average 9.55° Celsius / 49.19° Fahrenheit & a high of 11.82° Celsius / 53.276° Fahrenheit with a low of 8.42° Celsius / 47.156° Fahrenheit, December average 8.69° Celsius / 47.642° Fahrenheit with a high of 10.24° Celsius / 50.432° Fahrenheit & a low of 7.25° Celsius / 45.05° Fahrenheit. The Main Marine Ecosystems Of Titlow Beach / Puget Sound Salt Water Marshes There are many salt water marshes that exist around the bay of Puget Sound. They line certain parts of the shoreline & are home to thousands of different species. This area typically sees a variety of fish & marine invertebrates such as crabs. This area usually has an above ground area that is half flooded & an underwater area. The one of the most delicate of ecosystems along the shoreline of Puget Sound. These areas are found in abundance along the shoreline & off to the sides of puget sound. They also usually have sea birds & sea lions that enjoy the area because of the plentiful small fish (rockfish, alaskan pollock, etcetera) can be found here. Most creatures in the underwater areas here are usually quite small in size. This makes it a sea birds absolute paradise. Rocky Barren Areas In the bay of Puget Sound there are certain areas which have a rocky bottom or a bottom that has extremely compacted sand & not much else. These areas are usually barren & don’t see many visitors other then crabs & occasionally small fish. However in this area, The giant pacific octopus can be found searching for crabs & small minnows. They are quite illusive & dislike contact with humans. They can be quite timid & shy however they are usually friendly towards humans unless provoked. However these areas are usually found near the coast or near the middle most area of the bay. They are relatively uninhabited by marine vertebrates. However tunnels that are dug by crabs can be found so it is best to make sure that if you go towards these areas that you do not accidentally harm the species found here. Sandy Barren Areas The sandy most areas are usually home to a bustling ecosystem of many different species. These areas of puget sound may seem barren however they contain many different creatures. These are found all around puget sound & usually have horrible visibility. Sea lions, various crabs, minnows, & octopi are found in this ecosystem. These areas are oftentimes the hunting grounds of larger fish such as the northern pacific hake. They may not look like they have a bustling ecosystem however they do. This set of ecosystems are often the most disturbed ecosystem of puget sound as they can be considerably close to the shoreline. Seagrass Bedded Ecosystems These ecosystems are quite self explanatory in that they consist largely of seagrass. These are typically the most active of the ecosystems & many different species can be found here. There are a 6 of different types of seagrasses that grow in puget sound which will all be covered in the section of marine flora. These areas are home to many marine fish which will be documented in the section of marine fauna. These ecosystems the best place to find & photograph marine life. These areas are also not strictly reserved to any single place of Puget sound. The Documented Marine Flora Of Titlow Beach / Puget Sound There are many different types of documented marine flora of Puget Sound. While they may not be as colourful as say Miami, they are incredibly interesting & utterly beautiful. Washington’s department of natural resources, an log was made of all the monitored seagrasses that exist within the bay of puget sound. This experiment was conducted between 2016 & 2017 & was officially published in 2019. Another much longer experiment was conducted between 2000 & 2020 in order to monitor seagrasses in the greater area of Puget Sound. This was also conducted by Washington’s department of natural resources. Between these 2 experiments, It was found are a total of 6 Seagrasses that grow in the bay. These seagrasses are known as Zostera marina (Common eelgrass), Zostera japonica (Dwarf eelgrass / Japanese eelgrass), Phyllospadix serrulatus (Toothed surfgrass), Phyllospadix scouleri (Scouler’s surfgrass), Phyllospadix torreyi (Torreys surfgrass), & Ruppia maritima (Widgeon grass). Out of all of these it was found that the Zostera marine or common eelgrass is the most abundant & common seagrass in Puget Sound. It was also discovered that over 80% of the total area of greater puget sound has some form of seagrass presence. However, seagrass was not observed directly near Titlow beach. It is found much closer to western Seattle & Adelaide. In recent years, there has been a decrease in seagrass near San Juan island & central puget sound. There has also been a slight decline in the shallow areas of Puget sound. This implies that humans may be having a negative effect on the coastal seagrass distribution of Puget sound. This seems to be the case for many bays in America. Puget sound seems to be suffering the same fate as Morro Bay. ( The-bay-of-morro-bay Click Here for more information.) Another factor that plays into the decline in seagrass density is that Puget sound is slightly polluted. This is mainly due to polluted surface runoff. However, the seagrass distribution is slowly showing signs of migration towards the middle of puget sound & is mainly declining in the coastal areas. This sparks a new era & many new ecosystems for the bay of puget sound. The Documented Marine Fauna Of Titlow Beach / Puget Sound There are a large variety of different marine fauna that live in the bay of Puget Sound. Many of these species are used to colder temperatures as Puget sound itself is quite cold. However, due to the coldness of the water larger fish & larger marine mammals tend to live in Puget sound. These animals where unfortunately not provided with enough protection for a very long period of time which led to the collapse of certain species infrastructure. However, Puget sound has a total of 26 marine protected areas as of 2023. This has led to the rise of many species. There unfortunately is not a complete log of all marine species in 2023. However, there is still a good log of species that are currently known in puget sound. The list of all known marine mammals in puget sound is as follows: Orcas (orcinus orca), harbour porpoise (phocoena phocoena), bottle nose dolphins (tursiops truncatus), grey whales (eschrichtius robustus, common dolphins (delphinus delphis), fin whales (balaenoptera physalus), Steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus), northern sea otters (enhydra lutris), northern minke whales ( Balaenoptera acutorostrata) , northern elephant seal (mirounga angustirostris), Dall’s porpoise (phocoenoides dalli), Risso’s dolphin (grampus griseus), humpback whales (megaptera novaeangliae), Bryde’s whale (Balaenoptera edeni), long-beaked common dolphins (Delphinus capensis), ribbon seals (Histriophoca fasciata), sperm whales (pheseter macrocephalus), Northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus), & river otters (lontra canadensis). These are all creatures that can spotted around puget sound. Unfortunately, some have been injured due to pollution runoff & human activity. However, slowly these creatures if found are being rehabilitated & released back into puget sound by organizations such as the Seattle aquarium. These animals if spotted, should not be messed or tampered with. Since there have been migration patterns through & in puget sound, we most likely will never have a complete list of animal species for puget sound. Directories / Credits https://seatemperatures.net/north-america/united-states/puget-sound/ https://www.eopugetsound.org/articles/puget-sounds-physical-environment https://www.dnr.wa.gov/publications/aqr_nrsh_svmp_report_2016_2017_data.pdf#12 https://www.dnr.wa.gov/programs-and-services/aquatics/aquatic-science/nearshore-habitat-eelgrass-monitoring https://www.seattleaquarium.org/animals/river-otters Strategic Partnerships Reel Guppy Outdoors Our Loyal Patrons Ms. Ochoa

This month’s article series will be about… Titlow Beach, Washington! Unfortunately we have had a few issues with our software which are not allowing our posts to upload as scheduled. We do apologize for this inconvenience. Titlow beach is in the city of Tacoma which is 33 miles or 55 kilometers from Seattle. It is part of the bay Puget Sound. Titlow beach is a popular scuba diving area as it has much wildlife. It is incredibly beautiful & has a small boardwalk along it. Titlow Beach also has a designated marine preserve. Today’s article will be about the Buffalo sculpin of Titlow Beach. The Buffalo Sculpin is incredibly interesting & a popular thing to see for the scuba divers of Puget sound. It has been reported that when held that they give off a low humming sound. This article will discuss the lives of the Buffalo Sculpin, the mating procedures, practices, tactics, & cycles of the buffalo sculpin, the distribution of the buffalo sculpin, & the role of the buffalo sculpin in the ecosystems of Titlow Beach. Sculpin are incredibly diverse & strange creatures. This makes them the point of study for many. However in the species if Enophrys Bison they are still somewhat undiscovered. With that being said, lets delve into the lives of the buffalo sculpin. The Lives Of The Buffalo Sculpin It is not clear who or when the Buffalo Sculpin was officially discovered. We don’t know who it was discovered by either. They can grow up to be Approximately 36.999926 centimeters long or 14.5669 inches long. However they are usually around 10-12 inches or 25.4-30.48 centimeters. Their dorsal finn can grow to be 3.175 centimeters long or 1.25 inches long. It is not exactly clear the approximate life span of this fish. They are territorial & enjoy being solitary instead of being in groups. They occupy individual spaces & dislike socializing with each other. They are usually aggressive especially towards other sculpin species, however they are timid when it cones to humans. They do not pose a threat to most fisherman or scuba divers. They often will not even interact with humans or any other large species. They approximately weigh 1-2 pounds however they can be up to 3.5 pounds in weight. Their diet is incredibly diverse however they usually feed on shellfish, algae, & small crustaceans. They are not cannibalistic in any way that we know of. It is not known what they are preyed upon by but their sharp dorsal & pectoral fins make it extremely hard for them to be attacked by another fish species. They have often blotched colouring & are considered the ugliest of sculpin. They are usually shades of brown, green, grey, maroon, or a faint blue in colour. The fins of this species are usually banded & boney which makes sense since they are ray-finned fish. The features that distinguish this sculpin are: its long, smooth & boney spine that extends from the upper cheek with a smaller spine below; the wide head with short, steep snout and mouth that extends to the middle of the eye; & a lateral line that is high on the back with large, raised scales. The remainder of the body is unscaled & rather smooth or fleshy. The Mating Procedures, Practices, Tactics, & Cycles Of The Buffalo Sculpin The Buffalo Sculpin are strange creatures when it comes to their mating patterns. The females fertilize the eggs with the males via sexual reproduction. They then can lay from 19,000 to 32,000 fertilized eggs. These eggs are usually laid on either a coral reefed area or a rock. They are usually laid at depths of 12.00000648 meters or 39.3701 feet. The male’s then guards these fertilized eggs from predatory species for 5 to 6 weeks until they have hatched. This image depicts a father Buffalo Sculpin guarding his fertilized eggs. They lay these eggs in masses in order to maximize security on the eggs while they are in the fertilized egg stage. A male can have multiple egg masses to guard as they are not monogamous. The males typically have a group of females eggs all in one place in order to watch them all over at the same time. They are active in the juvenile’s life after it has hatched & do display a type of parental care. They are not hermaphroditic & they reproduce sexually, they have no way of producing asexually. They do have specific mating seasons where the population spikes with those seasons being as follows: late winter & early spring. The Distribution Of The Buffalo Sculpin The Buffalo Sculpin is incredibly diverse when it comes to environmental choosing. They can be found everywhere from Kodiak Island Alaska, to Monterrey California. They enjoy colder temperatures with lower salinity levels. They are frequently caught by fisherman off the western coast of the United States as they are quite common. However they are not found in high densities as they do not encroach on others territories. They are not edible in any way so they often get thrown back into the ocean after being caught. However if you do happen to catch a particularly large one you should take a picture & report your findings. They are not known to be found further then the eastern area of the Gulf of Alaska so if you find one further out then you should report this as this means they have moved into extremely cold temperatures. The Scientific Detailings Of Buffalo Sculpin The Buffalo Sculpin are incredibly interesting. They have extending spiky dorsal fins that are connected directly to their spine. They are incredibly boney as they are part of the class known as Actinopterygii. This means that they are incredibly boney ray-finned fish rather than fleshy less structured fish. They also have large spiky pectoral fins that extend from the sides. These are estimated to only grow to be up to 2.3 inches long. It is not known how long the species has existed for. Since sculpin are so diverse they have no identified closely related sculpin species. They get tired out very easily & do not have very much stamina. They do not show empathy as far as we know & are not currently being monitored for any reason as they are non threatened. They do however know to guard their children before birth which shows some level of intelligence. They have sharp teeth used to rip apart prey. They are internationally known as Enophrys Bison. Their phylum is known as Chordata meaning that they developed these 5 characteristics all species under the phylum of chordata develop 5 similar characteristics either in adulthood or as juveniles. Over 60,000 species are categorized under Chordata at the time of publishing. The characteristics that they develop include, a notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, endostyle or thyroid, pharyngeal Slits, & a post-anal tail. Their class is Actinopterygii, this means that they are ray-finned fish. Over 50% of living vertebrates are categorized under this class. This also means that their actinopterygian fin rays attach directly to the proximal or basal skeletal elements. This classification makes sense as they are incredibly boney & have incredibly large pectoral & dorsal fins. Their order is Scorpaeniformes. This order is an incredibly diverse order of ray-finned boney fish which included lionfish. This order is the 5th largest order of ray-finned fish. This order also has over 1,320 species categorized under it at the time of publishing. Their family is Cottidae which is in the superfamily of Cottidea. It is the largest sculpin family with 275 species categorized under it & 70 genera categorized under it at the time of publishing. It is also the most diverse environment wise family of sculpin. Their genus is known as Enophrys. This genus is of sculpins which are all in the northern or eastern ocean. There are 4 species categorized under this genus at the time of publishing. Directories / Credits https://wdfw.wa.gov/species-habitats/species/enophrys-bison https://themarinedetective.com/2012/04/01/buffalos-mating-underwater/ https://www.fishbase.de/summary/4086 https://guidesly.com/fishing/fish-species/buffalo-sculpin https://www.plu.edu/biology/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2017/09/final_enophyrs-bison_parillo_20170914.pdf Strategic Partnerships Reel Guppy Outdoors Our Loyal Patrons Ms. Ochoa

In todays article we will be discussing the history of the devils hole. Please note that this article will purely be about the of the devils hole & not Death Valley itself. Also, this article will be formatted slightly differently as the history of this area is cannot properly be told in our usual format. The Devils Hole is a geological formation on the California-Nevada Border. It is in the sweltering hot Death Valley which leaves one to think that aquatic systems would be out of the question. However, some species such as The Devils Hole Pupfish have made themselves a marine ecosystem in this unlikely area. These aquatic ecosystems are some of the most untouched places in the world. They hold some of the most intricate & resilient species to exist. 40 acres of the designated devils hole area is a part of the Ash Meadows Wildlife Refuge. The cavern extends at least 430 feet deep. However it is known that it does go deeper in certain areas, but we don’t currently know how much deeper. With the way that the the devils hole is formed, there is a surface pool area which drains off into a chamber. Below the surface pool, Devils Hole descends approximately 160 feet (49 m) through what is termed the "main chamber" before reaching a narrow opening referred to as the 'funnel'. Through this opening lies a much larger chamber of the cavern system known as Acree's Chasm. Acree's Chasm is approximately 300 feet (91.44 feet ) in length, 40 feet (12 m) in width. The bottom of the cavern lays approximately 260 feet (79.248 meters) below the surface. The Documented History Of The Devils Hole B.C Era The devils hole formed by groundwater slowly eroding the rock around it & eventually forming a limestone cavern. At some point, it was connected to another hot-spring or large water source & fish filtered in from this point. This would go on to cause the devils hole pupfish to become a species, this will be discussed throughout the article. Other then the caves formation, nothing much else is known about the A.D Era In the year 1965, a clique of friends scaled the fence surrounding Devils Hole. This was done with the intention of going scuba diving in the Devils Hole. This clique if friends were made up of two boys that were 19-years old & 20-years old. With their diving gear, they went into the devils hole. They would never return from this journey. Soon after the men went missing in the pool, a rescue team attempted to search for the men, they were hoping that the men had gotten stuck in an air pocket deep below the surface. The rescue team sent a diver in the cave in order to hopefully extract the men. Unfortunately, once the diver came back up the surface pool he brought nothing but upsetting news. The diver would come to find a mask with a snorkel, along with a couple other items that belonged to the missing boys over 300-feet below the surface. After searching Devils Hole extensively, the two boys would never be found. It is presumed that they drowned or got stuck in the cave & died of starvation or hypothermia. The cave is incredibly narrow & is uncharted in certain areas so the second theory is quite plausible. There are also no air pockets after a certain point in the cave due to the way that the cave is shaped. The Endemic Species Of The Devils Hole & How They Arrived There is 1 species that is naturally occurring to the Devils Hole, it is known as the Devils Hole pupfish. It is unknown how the Devils Hole pupfish actually arrived, however here is the most common theory. The Devils Hole was most likely connected to a hot spring or other body of water at some point. It is theorized that the Devils Hole pupfish originated here & swam into the Devils Hole from this point. At some point later, this entrance was closed leaving the Devils Hole pupfish’s ancestors trapped in the cavern. This would cause them to become isolated from the rest of the fish in said creek & evolve into their own species. Also, a species known as the Cyprinodon Salinus (Death Valley Pupfish) which is found in the nearby Salt Creek, is a very close relative of the Devils Hole pupfish. This leads us to believe that they have had at least a few common ancestors. Directories / Credits https://www.onlyinyourstate.com/nevada/devils-hole-nv/amp/ The Mojave Projecthttps://mojaveproject.org › divining...Divining Devils Hole: Part I 'It's like infinity': Inside the historic tragedy at Death Valley's Devils Hole Strategic Partnerships Reel Guppy Outdoors Our Loyal Patrons Ms. Ochoa

Today's article is a special that we publish monthly, it is known as the Marine Hall of Fame. The reason for this special series is to commemorate the marine biologists who we feel have benefited the world the most or who have contributed greatly to marine biology. Unfortunately, we had some technical issues with our webpage & we could not publish the article on its designated day. We apologize for this inconvenience. Todays marine biologist, is known as Henry Bryant Bigelow. He was a famed American marine biologist & oceanographer. This article will discuss the early life of Henry Bryant Bigelow, the later life & career of Henry Bryant Bigelow, & finally his achievements, accomplishments, & honors. The Early Life & Personal Life Of Henry Bryant Bigelow He was born on October 3rd 1879, in Boston, Massachusetts. Not much is known about his childhood or his life before college. What is known is that he is the grandson of Henry Bryant who was an American physician & naturalist. This may have partially influenced his love for the ocean. Another thing that has inspired him, is that he spent his summers in Cape Cod as a child. He said himself that this gave him the opportunity to become an amateur naturalist as a young man. He ended up being somewhat a naturalist later on in life, as he is documented of having an extensive collection of exotic birds eggs. He seemed to enjoy birds of all kinds as his first publication were on birds found off the northeastern coast of Labrador. He is documented to have also done lots of duck hunting. He visited the mountains quite often when he was younger & had a true love for skiing & mountaineering. His fate seemed to be set as a naturalist like his grandfather, not to become anything in the marine biological field. He married Elizabeth Perkins Stack in the year 1906. Together they ended up having 4 children. Unfortunately, 2 of these children would pass away much too early. However this did not stop Bigelow in his capacity as a marine biologist & oceanographer. The Later Life & Career Of Henry Bryant Bigelow While a senior at Harvard, he went on an expedition with famed ichthyologist Alexander Emmanuel Rodolphe Agassiz, across the Indian Ocean & through the Maldives. This is what he said sparked his passion for oceanography & marine biology. After graduating from Harvard in 1901, he began working closely with Agassiz. Bigelow accompanied Agassiz on several major marine science expeditions including one aboard the U.S Albatross. He would go on to studyaongsidele his mentor Agassiz until his death in 1910. After this he began working at the Museum of Comparative Zoology in 1905 & also joined Harvard's faculty in 1906 where he ended up working for 62 years. In 1911, Bigelow was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences. He helped found the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in 1930 & was its founding director. During his life he published more than one hundred papers & several books. He was a world-renowned expert on coelenterates & elasmobranchs. Unfortunately, he passed away in the year 1967 on December 11th. His Honors, Achievements, & Accomplishments 1. The Henry Bryant Bigelow Medal in Oceanography is awarded by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution to honor "those who make significant inquiries into the phenomena of the sea". Bigelow was the first recipient of the medal in 1960. 2. He was honored by the naming of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric A dministration research vessel NOAAS Henry B. Bigelow (R 225) . 3. In 1948 Bigelow was awarded the Daniel Giraud Elliot Medal from the National Academy of Sciences . 4. He is credited with discovering approximately 110 species throughout the course of his life & credited with authoring approximately 100 scientific papers. Directories / Credits https://www.whoi.edu/who-we-are/about-us/people/awards-recognition/henry-bryant-bigelow-medal-in-oceanography/ http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/bigelow-henry-b.pdf Strategic Partnerships Reel Guppy Outdoors Our Loyal Patrons Ms. Ochoa

The Aquatic Systems Of The Devils Hole, Death Valley, California Today’s article will discuss the Aquatic systems of the geological formation known as The Devils Hole. The Devils Hole is a geological formation on the California-Nevada Border. It is in the sweltering hot Death Valley which leaves one to think that aquatic systems would be out of the question. However, some species such as The Devils Hole Pupfish have made themselves a marine ecosystem in this unlikely area. These aquatic ecosystems are some of the most untouched places in the world. They hold some of the most intricate & resilient species to exist. In this article we will be discussing the basic information & marine geography of the Devils Hole, the marine ecosystems of the Devils Hole, the marine flora & fauna that resides in the aquatic ecosystems of the Devils Hole, & the conservation efforts of the state of California, the state of Nevada, & the Federal Government of the United States for the Devils Hole. It is important to note that the Devils Hole is incredibly unexplored, enormous, & is incredibly hard to find information on. With that being said, lets delve into the depths of the Devils Hole. Basic Information & The Marine Geography Of The Devils Hole The Devils Hole is a geological formation on the California-Nevada Border in a small town called Death Valley. It is a freshwater cave system with many endemic species. The reason for this is that one of the only ways a species can end up here was getting pulled in while the cave was forming. These species then eventually died out but got conserved in the devils hole. The Devils Hole spans over 460 feet deep or 131.064 meters deep. However, due to it being largely unchartered may go deeper. The average yearly temperature for the water in the devils hole is 33° Celsius or 92° Fahrenheit. This is most likely because of the incredibly hot area that it exists within. is freshwater with no saltwater parts. Its surface area is meters 22.0000068 long by 3.49998792 meters wide or 72.1785 feet long by 11.4829 feet wide. Only the top 80 meters hold aquatic ecosystems & waterways that we know exist. There are possibilities of more aquatic systems further down that have not been discovered. These are rare as water is not often found in death valley, this is one of the only marine ecosystems that you will find there. Death Valley is on the Southern California-Nevada border & is tucked into the desert. We believe that the aquatic systems are somehow connected to underground water pools. The Marine Ecosystem Of The Devils Hole Unfortunately, there isn’t much room or enough water for there multiple to be multiple types or sets of marine ecosystems in the devils hole. Many of the caves look the same & are incredibly un-biologically diverse. However, it is a black swan event that any creature is able to survive here at all. These ecosystems usually consist of rocky areas with little to no plant or fungi organisms. Due to erosion, it is fairly common to see what look to be strange formations & jagged edges in the rocks. There are not many creatures that survive here. However, the ones that do tend to be small & also tend to need many nutrients. This ecosystem is rather barren & rarely even has rock formations or jagged edges. It mostly consists of sandy & rocky walls & nothing more. The Marine Fauna Of The Devils Hole There aren’t many marine creatures that are able to survive in the devils hole. However, the one that does manage to live in this low-oxygen environment is one of the most resilient in the world. You see, there has only been one documented naturally occurring marine inhabitant of the devils hole. That species is The Devils Hole Pupfish (Cyprinodon Diabolis). There are other species that exist within the devils hole such as the riffle beetle (Stenelmis calida calida) however they are in no way naturally occurring to the devils hole. The Marine Flora Of The Devils Hole Very few known marine plant species are naturally occurring within the devils hole. The only known plant species were marine algae. Unfortunately, the exact species that these algae are is unreleased to the public domain. Other than those few species, there really are no naturally occurring marine flora. These plants have almost zero nutrients, low oxygen, & have to live in incredibly hot temperatures. Also, almost no sunlight makes this one of the hardest environments for a plant to survive in. Directories & Credits https://www.nps.gov/deva/learn/nature/devils-hole.htm https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280000500_Algae_of_Devils_Hole_Nevada_Death_Valley_National_Park Strategic Partnerships Reel Guppy Outdoors Our Loyal Patrons Ms. Ochoa